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teach yourself electricity and electronics

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teach yourself electricity and electronics fourth edition stan gibilisco mcgraw-hill new york chicago san francisco lisbon london madrid mexico city milan new delhi san juan seoul singapore sydney toronto

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copyright © 2006 2002 1997 1993 by the mcgraw-hill companies inc all rights reserved manufactured in the united states of america except as permitted under the united states copyright act of 1976 no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publisher 0-07-148709-3 the material in this ebook also appears in the print version of this title 0-07-145933-2 all trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name we use names in an editorial fashion only and to the benefit of the trademark owner with no intention of infringement of the trademark where such designations appear in this book they have been printed with initial caps mcgraw-hill ebooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions or for use in corporate training programs for more information please contact george hoare special sales at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or 212 904-4069 terms of use this is a copyrighted work and the mcgraw-hill companies inc mcgraw-hill and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work use of this work is subject to these terms except as permitted under the copyright act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work you may not decompile disassemble reverse engineer reproduce modify create derivative works based upon transmit distribute disseminate sell publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without mcgraw-hill s prior consent you may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use any other use of the work is strictly prohibited your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms the work is provided as is mcgraw-hill and its licensors make no guarantees or warranties as to the accuracy adequacy or completeness of or results to be obtained from using the work including any information that can be accessed through the work via hyperlink or otherwise and expressly disclaim any warranty express or implied including but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose mcgraw-hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free neither mcgraw-hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy error or omission regardless of cause in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom mcgrawhill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work under no circumstances shall mcgrawhill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect incidental special punitive consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages this limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract tort or otherwise doi 10.1036/0071459332

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professional want to learn more we hope you enjoy this mcgraw-hill ebook if you d like more information about this book its author or related books and websites please click here.

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to tony samuel tim roland jack and sherri

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for more information about this title click here contents preface xvii part 1 direct current 3 1 basic physical concepts atoms 3 protons neutrons and atomic numbers 3 isotopes and atomic weights 4 electrons 4 ions 6 compounds 6 molecules 7 conductors 8 insulators 8 resistors 9 semiconductors 9 current 10 static electricity 11 electromotive force 12 nonelectrical energy 13 quiz 14 2 electrical units 17 the volt 17 current flow 18 the ampere 19 resistance and the ohm 20 conductance and the siemens 22 power and the watt 23 vii

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viii contents a word about notation 24 energy and the watt-hour 25 other energy units 26 alternating current and the hertz 27 rectification and pulsating direct current 28 safety considerations in electrical work 30 magnetism 30 magnetic units 32 quiz 32 3 measuring devices 36 electromagnetic deflection 36 electrostatic deflection 38 thermal heating 39 ammeters 39 voltmeters 41 ohmmeters 43 multimeters 44 fet voltmeters 44 wattmeters 45 watt-hour meters 46 digital readout meters 46 frequency counters 47 other meter types 47 quiz 51 4 direct-current circuit basics schematic symbols 55 55 schematic and wiring diagrams 56 voltage/current/resistance circuits 57 ohm s law 58 current calculations 59 voltage calculations 60 resistance calculations 60 power calculations 61 resistances in series 62 resistances in parallel 63 division of power 64 resistances in series-parallel 64 quiz 65 5 direct-current circuit analysis 69 current through series resistances 69 voltages across series resistances 70 voltage across parallel resistances 72 currents through parallel resistances 72

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contents ix power distribution in series circuits 74 power distribution in parallel circuits 74 kirchhoff s first law 75 kirchhoff s second law 77 voltage divider networks 78 quiz 80 6 resistors 85 purpose of the resistor 85 fixed resistors 88 the potentiometer 90 the decibel 93 resistor specifications 94 quiz 98 7 cells and batteries 102 electrochemical energy 102 grocery store cells and batteries 105 miniature cells and batteries 106 lead-acid batteries 107 nickel-based cells and batteries 108 photovoltaic cells and batteries 109 fuel cells 110 quiz 111 8 magnetism 115 the geomagnetic field 115 causes and effects 116 magnetic field strength 120 electromagnets 120 magnetic properties of materials 122 practical magnetism 123 quiz 128 test part 1 132 part 2 alternating current 9 alternating-current basics 143 definition of alternating current 143 period and frequency 143 the sine wave 144 square waves 145 sawtooth waves 146 complex and irregular waveforms 147

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x contents frequency spectrum 148 fractions of a cycle 150 expressions of amplitude 151 the generator 154 why alternating and not direct 155 quiz 156 10 inductance 160 the property of inductance 160 practical inductors 161 the unit of inductance 162 inductors in series 162 inductors in parallel 163 interaction among inductors 164 air-core coils 166 ferromagnetic cores 166 inductors at rf 169 unwanted inductances 171 quiz 171 11 capacitance 175 the property of capacitance 175 practical capacitors 176 the unit of capacitance 177 capacitors in series 177 capacitors in parallel 178 fixed capacitors 179 variable capacitors 182 capacitor specifications 184 interelectrode capacitance 184 quiz 185 12 phase 188 instantaneous values 188 instantaneous rate of change 189 circles and vectors 190 expressions of phase difference 192 vector diagrams of phase difference 195 quiz 196 13 inductive reactance 200 coils and direct current 200 coils and alternating current 201 reactance and frequency 202 points in the rl plane 203 vectors in the rl plane 205

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contents xi current lags voltage 205 how much lag 208 quiz 210 14 capacitive reactance 214 capacitors and direct current 214 capacitors and alternating current 215 capacitive reactance and frequency 216 points in the rc plane 218 vectors in the rc plane 219 current leads voltage 220 how much lead 222 quiz 225 15 impedance and admittance 229 imaginary numbers 229 complex numbers 229 the rx plane 233 characteristic impedance 236 conductance 238 susceptance 238 admittance 240 the gb plane 240 quiz 242 16 rlc and glc circuit analysis 245 complex impedances in series 245 series rlc circuits 248 complex admittances in parallel 250 parallel glc circuits 253 putting it all together 256 reducing complicated rlc circuits 257 ohm s law for ac circuits 259 quiz 261 17 power and resonance in alternating-current circuits forms of power 265 true power va power and reactive power 268 power transmission 273 resonance 276 resonant devices 280 quiz 282 18 transformers and impedance matching principle of the transformer 286 geometries 289 286 265

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xii contents power transformers 292 isolation and impedance matching 294 radio-frequency transformers 297 quiz 299 test part 2 303 part 3 basic electronics 19 introduction to semiconductors 315 the semiconductor revolution 315 semiconductor materials 316 doping and charge carriers 317 the p-n junction 318 quiz 321 20 how diodes are used rectification 325 detection 326 325 frequency multiplication 326 signal mixing 327 switching 328 voltage regulation 328 amplitude limiting 329 frequency control 330 oscillation and amplification 330 energy emission 331 photosensitive diodes 332 quiz 333 21 power supplies 337 power transformers 337 rectifier diodes 338 half-wave circuit 338 full-wave center-tap circuit 340 full-wave bridge circuit 340 voltage-doubler circuit 341 filtering 342 voltage regulation 344 protection of equipment 345 quiz 348 22 the bipolar transistor npn versus pnp 352 biasing 353 352

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contents xiii biasing for amplification 355 gain versus frequency 357 common emitter circuit 358 common base circuit 359 common collector circuit 359 quiz 361 23 the field effect transistor 365 principle of the jfet 365 amplification 369 the mosfet 370 common source circuit 373 common gate circuit 374 common drain circuit 375 quiz 376 24 amplifiers and oscillators the decibel 379 379 basic bipolar transistor amplifier 381 basic jfet amplifier 382 amplifier classes 383 efficiency in power amplifiers 386 drive and overdrive 388 audio amplification 389 radio-frequency amplification 391 how oscillators work 393 common oscillator circuits 394 oscillator stability 399 audio oscillators 400 quiz 402 25 wireless transmitters and receivers oscillation and amplification 407 modulation 407 pulse modulation 414 analog-to-digital conversion 415 image transmission 416 the electromagnetic field 419 wave propagation 421 transmission media 423 two basic receiver designs 424 predetector stages 427 detectors 429 audio stages 433 television reception 433 407

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