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brumario cuadernos de pensamiento romulomontes@hotmail.com revista de ciencias sociales ­ issn 1853-0362 dirección postal pedro de ledesma 2393 córdoba argentina mail brumariodigital@hotmail.com director rÓmulo montes consejo editorial georgina tavella rÓmulo montes francisco viale linares comité académico dra marta philp cea ­ unc dra maria cecilia caro ues21 dra ana fass ucc ­ ues21 dra alejandra martinez ues21 ­ conicet dr eduardo bologna cea unc ucc dr javier moyano cea ­ unc dr ignacio liendo ucc ­ unlar mgtr belen mende ­ ues21 ­ ucc mgtr luisa tillero salazar ues21 mgtr pablo cabas ues21 ­ ucc diseño de portada a cargo de francisco montes ues 21 indice

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dedicatoria 2 temario internacionales donadio luciano unasur from a post-liberal experience of regional integration to a wider conception of international economic law 3 cortez chain shagira megaminería en américa latina ¿neoextractivismo recargado 20 boher javier nuevos movimientos sociales el movimiento del software libre 37 barbosa severo leonardo os rumos de uma europa em crise e os descaminhos para a integração 51 temario educación bustamante laura y otros ¿y donde estudio representaciones de los jóvenes adolescentes ingresantes acerca de la universidad 57 temario historia angelini lisandro el libro azul injerencia extranjera e intelectualidad en la argentina moderna 71 de goycoechea enrique ­ malvinas contradicciones de una idea-fuerza desesperada 77 temario arte gonzález silvina desde latinoamérica reflexiones sobre el arte actual demolición/construcción 85 aporte martínez alejandra breve guía sobre revistas científicas en ciencias sociales 97 brumario 6 junio de 2012 fundación ceides nardi romina la responsabilidad social universitaria desafíos desde el aprendizaje colaborativo 108 foro ues 21 111 normas y convocatoria 112 1

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este número está dedicado a todos los docentes que con su diario aporte sostienen a la educación en su principal objetivo un mundo más justo y a todos los investigadores que con su diario y tenaz empeño siguen llevando a la ciencia hacia su único objetivo un mundo mejor 2 brumario 6 junio de 2012

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unasur from a post-liberal experience of regional integration to a wider conception of international economic law luciano m donadio linares1 introduction the opportunity offered by the pepa-siel s latest call for papers made me consider it would be interesting to write about latin american regional integration by linking it with two other elements ideology and international economic law iel in my view studying this relation requires combining historical and theoretical analysis since i believe that law in general and iel in particular is not an abstract or apolitical representation of norms law constitutes an essential tool for the construction of national regional or international political models for the last decades iel has been approached from an aseptic abstract apolitical and sophisticated perception some scholars thus described iel as a realistic law 2 a legal structure based on economic facts and driven by private forces this conception of iel allowed that ever since the phenomenon of globalization started it served to criticize state leadership and its capacity to regulate our complex society states are thus depicted as incapable of responding to social demands which had been historically linked with its sovereign functions/powers today from an economic perspective governments have lost their control and driving capacities because in our globalized brumario 6 junio de 2012 this working paper was presented at the first conference of the interest group postgraduates and early professional academics of the society of international economic law in hamburg 27-28 january 2012 i want to thank alejandra torres camprubi university autónoma of madrid for her insightful comments and freya baetens university of leiden for her useful remarks as discussant this paper constitutes a preliminary exploration on a new research project i am working on any comments are greatly welcome please contact ldonadio@uesigl21.edu.ar 1 b.a in law university nacional de córdoba argentina ll.m university of bologna italy phd in law and international relations university autónoma de madrid spain professor and researcher in international law and international relations at university empresarial siglo 21 argentina he has been visiting professor in public international law at university autónoma de madrid visiting researcher at university paris i panthéon ­ sorbonne and consultant for the secretariat of the united nations convention on biological diversity 2 prosper weil droit international économique mythe ou realité in aavv aspects du droit international économique pedone 1972 175 3

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economy markets choose political programs and are consequently able to transform social models3 this situation has been favored by a continuous limitation of the state regulatory power caused by investment protection treaties signed since 80`s and their pro-investor interpretation by arbitral tribunals4 private actors self-regulation5 and the increasing power of economic international organizations­a `locus where developing countries cannot block transcendental decisions adopted amongst bigger commercial countries 6 this model of internationalization had a negative effect on democracy7 for one reason these external rules are imposed by international institutions while not being controlled by any mechanism of social accountability the current economic and financial global context invites making a comparative analysis between the last latin-american crisis of the beginning of xxith century and the newly emerged regional integration experiences therefore i will try to explain what has changed in latin-america and how this contemporary project could contribute to a changing neo-liberal conception of iel concretely i support that from independence wars of the xixth century to ours days it is possible to observe latin american processes of integration characterized by a continuous relational logic of action-reaction 8 this relation has oscillated between latin-american proposals and u.s projects none of which have been functional inter se firstly i will present how the two hundred years old dichotomy opposing the bolivarian project to monroe s vision has persisted in latin-american history brumario 6 junio de 2012 3 4 luis hinojosa martinez globalización y soberanía de los estados 2005 10 reei 1 7-10 muthucumaraswamy sornarajah the neo-liberal agenda in investment arbitration its rise retrat and impact on state sovereignty in wuenhua shan penelope simons dalvinder singh eds redefining sovereignty in international economic law portland 2008 223 5 gunter teubner global private regimes neo-spontaneous law and dual ostitution of autonomous sectors in world society in karl-heince ladeur public governance in the age of gobalization aldershot 2004 71 6 luis hinojosa martinez la regulación jurídica del sistema conómico internacional in luis hinojosa martinez javier roldán barbero derecho internacional económico marcial pons 2010 37 7 armin von bogdandy globalization and europe haw to square democracy globalization and international law 2004 15 5 ejil 885 889-906 8 luciano donadio linares integración en américa latina relato de una sensa sinuosa in diego buffa florencia rubiolo maría josé becerra paola baroni juan josé vagni cooperación integración regional e interregionalismo universidad empresarial siglo 21 ­ centro de investigaciones y estudios sobre cultura y sociedad 2011 39 4

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confronting classic and lineal positions of economic development funded on free trade with structural theories based on the need of structural change to facilitate economic development this theoretical framework includes the current debate on post-liberal regionalism which calls upon responding whether latin america lives a new moment of integration while remaining within the same historical logic or whether it represents a change of paradigm secondly as opposed to historical tendencies i will analyze the integration process of the unión de naciones sudamericanas unasur which is characterized by its emphasis on socio-political aspects of integration i will make a projection about the political potential of unasur as a driving force of changes in multilateral economic governance fmi omc g20 as well as on its economic potential advanced through the creation of collective strategies favoring international free trade synergies integration north-south and south-south to conclude i will establish how the new post-liberal model of integration as represented by unasur can contribute to change the fundamentals of the neo-liberal conception of iel by adding structural policies linked to human development and wealth distribution i latin-american integration history and theoretical approach in the 19th century the substantial difference between the bolivarian proposal and the north american project for latin america was the distinction between a political and an economic profile while the former was supported by the development of brumario 6 junio de 2012 international law and cooperation as a consolidation tool of the recent sovereignty the second way used similar instruments to avoid european intervention and to pre-reserve the region as a natural market at the disposal of northern production investments and financial transactions basic inputs for u.s growth and development9 this dichotomy is a constant characteristic all along latin-american history10 9 luis dallanegra pedraza relaciones políticas entre estados unidos y américa latina ¿predominio monroista o unidad americana ed del autor 2004 10 arturo ardao panamericanismo y latinoamericanismo américa latina en sus ideas leopoldo zea siglo xxi y unesco 1993 157-171 5

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back in time latin america was a fragmented player of the international system11 taking advantage of this context the u.s proposed to its southern neighboring countries the creation in 1890 of a trade office in washington which would aim in principle at collecting commercial information the first pan-american project was purely commercial evolved over the next pan american conferences towards political purposes12 this gave rise to the pan-american union in matters clearly competent functional to u.s interests such as arbitration trade and monetary matters forcible collection of public debt collective defense in case of extra-continental intervention in 1948 the united nations economic commission for latin america eclac received the mandate to diagnose and promote the regional economic development from a latin american theoretical view because until that moment all matters relating to economic and political development had been addressed from the classical theories of development and modernization13 both perspectives fervently believed on a linear economic development from traditional societies -based on primary production to modern societies -based on industrial economies and as a consequence of that change the adoption of the democratic political regimes from these perspectives it was possible to explain and justify the inequalities between developed countries and developing and least developed countries because the causes of this distinction were in developing countries internal circumstances14 eclac questioned the axioms of the classical theory of international trade -based on the principle of comparative advantage and considered that this theory does not 11 luis dallanegra pedraza relaciones políticas entre estados unidos y américa latina ¿predominio monroista o unidad americana ed del autor 2004 12 manuel diez de velazco las organizaciones internacionales 14th ed tecnos 2006 698 13 see roy harrod an essay in dynamic theory in 1939 49 economic journal 14-33 evsey domar capital expansion rate of growth and employment in 1946 14 2 econometrica 137-147 ragnar nurkse problems of capital formation in underdeveloped countries basil blackwell 1953 g myrdal economic theory and underdeveloped regions harper and row 1957 walter whitman rostow the stages of economic growth a noncommunist manifesto cambridge university press 1960 seymour martin lipset political man the social bases of politics doubleday 1960 samuel huntington world politics political modernization america vs europe three patterns of modernization cambridge university press 1966 william arthur lewis teoría del desarrollo económico fondo de cultura económica 1976 14 ruy mauro marini la crisis del desarrollismo in ruy mauro marini márgara millán coord la teoría social latinoamericana subdesarrollo y dependencia ediciones el caballito 1994 aline frambes-buxeda teorías sobre la integración aplicables a la unificación de los países latinoamericanos in 1993 2 revista cultura y política 269 291 6 brumario 6 junio de 2012

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hold in reality because latin america has been historically a victim of the deterioration of terms of trade against the interests of primary goods-producing countries in this sense prebisch explains the benefits of technical progress have focused mainly on industrial sites and have not been transferred to peripheral countries 15 scholars from eclac considered that development is something that happens in stages although they criticized the automatism of the classical theorists and they proposed the possibility of autonomous capitalist development which holds that external obstacles such as the deterioration of terms of trade and domestic obstacles represented by the delay in certain areas and primary economic sectors16 had to be removed the eclac s proposal of development had two instruments import substitution industrialization and regional integration 17 the second tool was the key to getting the expansion of markets foster the growth of production and productivity indicators allowing economies of scale the claim of latin american countries of integrating their economies autonomously was observed with reluctance by the united states 18 however in 1960 under eclac sponsorship the latin american free trade association alalc-lafta was launched with the specific purpose of restructuring the trading system the formation of this commercial area was guided by the principles of gradualism reciprocity multilateral preferential treatment for less developed countries but it only involved the consolidation and growth of existing trade flows in favor to argentina brazil and mexico this phenomenon was analyzed academically from two theoretical strands the first strand named structural dualism described the existing and persisting inequalities brumario 6 junio de 2012 between latin american countries at different levels and subjects this dualism is characterized by 1 the coexistence in time and space of the dichotomy 2 the chronic 15 raúl prebisch el desarrollo económico de américa latina y algunos de sus principales problemas cepal 1949 united nations post-war price relations in trade between under-developed and industrialized countries economic and social council e/cn.1/sub-3/w.5 1949 hans singer distribución de ganancias entre países inversores y prestatarios 1950 american economic review papers and proceedings 2 16 aline frambes-buxeda teorías sobre la integración aplicables a la unificación de los países latinoamericanos in 1993 2 revista cultura y política 269 292 17 gustavo magariños integración económica latinoamericana proceso alalc/aladi 1950-2000 aladi 2005 18 miguel wionczek integración de la américa latina experiencias y perspectivas fondo de cultura económica 1964 7

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coexistence of inequalities 3 the stagnation or the tendency of inter-sectoral differentiation and 4 the inter-sectoral relationships tendency to increase the superiority of the industrial sector while decreasing the importance of the primary sector.19 the second trend is known as the theory of dependency studies conducted by dos santos cardoso faletto criticized the concept of development as understood under the modernization theory is so far as the latter links development with economic variables exclusively with no reference to the political alliances of the domestic arena in terms of dos santos dependency theory is a critical effort to understand the limitation of a development which began when the global economy had already been constituted under the hegemony of big economic groups and powerful imperialist forces notwithstanding that some of them had gone through a crisis and consequently opened the opportunity to expand development through the decolonization process20 cardoso faletto21 considered the notion of development not only as a structural concept but mostly as a historical and progressive concept they contend that an analysis restricted to economic variables shows reality as an objective picture yet a full understanding the process required determining the power relations that ground any society and which will be reflected in the establishment of a legal system functional to interests of the ruling class or coalition in 1980 alalc-lafta s structured programs led to the flexible mechanisms of the aladi based on the creation of economic preferences areas authorizing the conclusion of partial scope agreements psa including economic complementation brumario 6 junio de 2012 agreements ace trade promotion agreements and agricultural agreements the 80 s were characterized in latin america by the democratic transition and by the systematic 19 michael todaro economics for a developing world an introduction to principles problems longman 1983a michael todaro the struggle for economic development readings in problems and polices longman 1983b michael todaro development planning models and methods longman 1983c michael todaro stephen smith economic development 10th ed addison-wesley 2009 antonio luis hidalgo capitan el pensamiento económico sobre desarrollo de los mercantilistas al pnud universidad de huelva 1998 120 20 theotonio dos santos la teoría de la dependencia un balance histórico y teórico in francisco lopez segrera ed los retos de la globalización ensayos en homenaje a theotonio dos santos unesco 1998 5 21 fernando henrique cardoso enzo faletto dependencia y desarrollo en américa latina 2nd ed siglo xxi 1978 18 8

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adoption of market economies it was also is characterized as a lost decade22 therefore after the year of 1989 launched the period marked by the frame established in the washington consensus 23 in which the liberalization of trade was proposed as a unilateral policy of openness of the economy 24 causing a regional integration under low levels of external protection the washington consensus supported a clear preference for unilateral trade liberalization within the multilateral framework and rejected the old regionalism which was described as a regional protectionism25 however some years later williamson -on his revised consensus of 199626 presented his support for open regionalism as part of a second generation reforms27 which had also been assumed by international institutions like the world bank 28 in this way neo-liberalism absorbed eclac s proposal of open regionalism and justified the adoption of free trade structures such as the initiative of president clinton to create a free trade area of the americas ftaa that would include all countries of the continent in other words the open regionalism 1990-2005 in latin america has been an important defensive strategy against the risks of globalization 29 the economic commission for latin america30 defined the open regionalism as a process of regional economic interdependence growing driven by preferential integration agreements in an increasing openness and deregulation context in order to increase the competitiveness of the region and to establish as far as possible an international economy more open and transparent open regionalism was an economic development strategy to give preference to regional trade but without undermining multilateral 22 23 during 80 s the latin-american grouth was -0,1 john williamson what washington means by policy reform latin american adjustment how much has happened institute for international economics 1990 3-4 24 pedro da motta veiga sandra rios brasil como vector de integración sudamericana posibilidades y límites working paper nº 17 plataforma democrática 2011 11 25 josé antonio sanahuja regionalismo e integración en américa latina balance y perspectivas 2007 0 2 época pensamiento iberoamericano 75 77 26 john williamson revisión del consenso de washington in banco interamericano de desarrollo desarrollo económico y social en los umbrales del siglo xxi banco interamericano de desarrollo 1998 27 john williamson latin american reform a view from washington in harry costin héctor vanolli eds economic reform in latin america the dryden press 1998 28 shahid javed burki guillermo perry más allá del consenso de washington la hora de la reforma institucional banco mundial 1998 29 josé antonio sanahuja del regionalismo abierto al regionalismo post-liberal crisis y cambio en la integración regional en américa latina in 2009 7 anuario de la integración regional de américa latina y el gran caribe 20082009 11 13-20 josep ibañez el nuevo regionalismo latinoamericano en los años noventa in 2000 1 reei 1 30 eclac el regionalismo abierto en américa latina y el caribe la integración al servicio de la transformación productiva con equidad eclac 1994 8 brumario 6 junio de 2012 9

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liberalization regional integration raises the 90 s based on support for multilateralism31 ii unión de naciones sudamericanas a post-liberal regional integration experience the failure of neo-liberal policies in latin america 32 have given place to the construction of a new strategy of regional integration embodied in the unión de naciones sudamericanas unasur which has been referred to as a paradigmatic example of post-liberal regionalism 33 the unión de naciones sudamericanas 34 was formally created in 2008 today it has the potential to play a crucial role in facilitating the integration of all south american region35 at the political social cultural economic financial environmental and infrastructure level unasur s intellectual author is brazil 36 which was also the primary promoter of alcsa-safta south american free trade area37 through the convergence of 31 32 josep ibañez el nuevo regionalismo latinoamericano en los años noventa in 2000 1 reei 1 8-10 this framework has been broken from economic crisis at the end of xxth century those monetary crises brazil in 1999 and argentina in 2001 and the economic low performance in 90 s allowed to question about national economic strategies review the government role in economy and rethink the regional and global free trade strategy 33 josé chacón integración sudamericana un paso hacia el posneoliberalismo observatorio del sur ceicom 2004 pedro da motta veiga sandra rios o regionalismo pós-liberal na amérca do sul origens iniciativas e dilemas 2007 82 serie comercio internacional josé antonio sanahuja del regionalismo abierto al regionalismo post-liberal crisis y cambio en la integración regional en américa latina in 2009 7 anuario de la integración regional de américa latina y el gran caribe 2008-2009 11 13 manuel cienfuegos mateo josé antonio sanahuja eds una región en construcción unasur y la integración en américa del sur fundación cidob 2010 celestino del arenal josé antonio sanahuja la cumbre alc ­ ue de madrid en 2010 20 boletín carolina 1-9

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existing sub-regional free-trade agreements and bilateral preferential markets and iirsa initiative for the regional integration of the south american infrastructure 38 unasur is a response to the overly commercial emphasis of the free trade agreements and offers a unique south american approach to integration that can overcome current differences in the types of political and economic policies being pursued by individual countries39 considering unasur attributes it represents the fifth largest economy in the world among south america s many other attributes are its huge hydrocarbon reserves that can comfortably supply its current energy needs for the rest of this century its huge fresh water supplies 27 of the world s fresh water supplies and the fact that it produces and exports more foodstuffs than any other part of the world 40 the region has 17.6 million of km2 377 millions of inhabitants representing 6 of world population and its ipb is u$s 1.5 billion it is so relevant that at the end of december 2011 brazil has become in 6th biggest world economy occupying the place formerly hold by the united kingdom in fact in the midst of the typical integration project crisis anchored in open regionalism41 emerges through initiatives quite heterogeneous -unasur and alba a regionalism that might be called post-liberal this is intended to express in the field of intra-regional relations a new order of priorities and a new agenda directly related to the leftward shift of the axis of political power in various countries of the region during the i south american summit in 2000 the brazilian president fernando henrique cardoso improved politically the convergence of mercosur and andean community and invited chile surinam and guyana to the project in that moment this proposal was defined as the future south american column in 2008 90 of south americn trade is free and total liberalization is programed to 2018 see manuel cienfuegos las relaciones entre la comunidad andina y el mercosur una asociación inviable in vv.aa cursos de derecho internacional de vitoriagasteiz universidad del país vasco 2005 38 the iirsa is a mega-project created in 2000 that pretend building a regional infrastructure focused on facilitating transport and trade logistic this project is sponsored by inter-american development bank andean financial corporation and fonplata this is the biggest physical integration project in south america see wilson nerys fernández la integración física y la viabilidad de la iirsa in manuel cienfuegos mateo josé antonio sanahuja eds una región en construcción unasur y la integración en américa del sur fundación cidob 2010 rómulo montes la iirsa entre el modelo extractor y el desastre ambiental in diego buffa florencia rubiolo maría josé becerra paola baroni juan josé vagni cooperación integración regional e interregionalismo universidad empresarial siglo 21 ­ centro de investigaciones y estudios sobre cultura y sociedad 2011 and www.iirsa.org 39 thomas o keefe latin-american and caribbean trade agreements keys to a prosperous community of the americas martinus nijhoff publisher 2009 448 40 ibid 41 for instance mercosur and andean community brumario 6 junio de 2012 11

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the basic assumption of the post-liberal regionalism is that liberalization of trade and investment flows are not only capable of generating endogenous development benefits moreover this neo-liberal model can substantially reduce the political margin for implementation of developing national policies and lead to the adoption of an integration agenda concerned with issue of development issues and equity 42 it follows that the initiatives informed by this paradigm bear two consequences first of all the reduced importance of the commercial sector and secondly the widening of the agenda so as to include sociopolitical issues43 sanahuja considers that this new trend especially in south america is characterized by a the primacy of the political agenda the correlative decreased attention to economic and free-trade arguments b the return of the development agenda c a greater role of state actors as opposed to private actors and market forces found in the previous model d a greater attention to positive integration policies focusing on the creation of institutions common policies and the intensification of south-south cooperation in non-commercial issues e an increased concern for the social and structural asymmetries and the search of linking the concepts of regional integration poverty reduction and inequality f the improvement of regional infrastructure g more emphasis on energy security h a greater participation and social standing of the processes of integration44 specifically unasur can be said to be based on three pillars 1 consultation and coordination of foreign policies seeking to affirm south america as a regional group in international relations brazil and argentina represent two actives countries proposing changes in brumario 6 junio de 2012 international architecture from actions in the g20 -where they stimulate financial markets regulation and propose solutions based on real economy to the imf and the wto -where they propose wider developing countries participation changes in 42 pedro da motta veiga sandra rios brasil como vector de integración sudamericana posibilidades y límites working paper nº 17 plataforma democrática 2011 22 43 pedro da motta veiga sandra rios o regionalismo pós-liberal na amérca do sul origens iniciativas e dilemas 2007 82 serie comercio internacional 28 44 josé antonio sanahuja del regionalismo abierto al regionalismo post-liberal crisis y cambio en la integración regional en américa latina in 2009 7 anuario de la integración regional de américa latina y el gran caribe 20082009 11 12

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agricultural market and changes in conditionality policy of financial organizations it is also important to consider the persisting claims from brazil and argentina to reform in the composition of the un security council demanding for more pluralism representation in international decision making processes i am convinced that unasur also can play an important role for extra-continental consensus in its relations with middle east and africa i.e summit south-america and arab countries in 2005 and summit south-america and africa in 2006 there are no reasons why unasur cannot be used for create a continental consensus with respect to north american countries while basing this relation on a different foot than the previous alca-ftaa cooperation framework 2 trade convergence of the andean community mercosur and chile guyana and suriname in south america free trade area alcsa-safta this goal is sought by bilateral and multilateral trade agreements under the `aladi umbrella 3 physical integration in south america with a special consideration to innovative financial mechanisms in the framework of iirsa this regional process has also three challenges 1 benefits distribution the emergence of a post-liberal agenda gives priority to distributional implications of international trade and integration processes such as the impact of liberalization on preexisting asymmetries inequality and poverty rates45 2 policy space definition south american integration is characterized by preservation of national space policy and a negative attitude to share economic sovereignty in areas where would be needed to advance integrationist goals 46 3 lost of focus the combination of reduced importance on trade issues and brumario 6 junio de 2012 expanding the agenda to social cultural and political affairs raises the risk of loss of focus and actual content of integration initiatives inspired by the post-liberal regionalism47 after an unasur assessment sanahuja estimate that the phenomenon described beyond the characteristics listed it does not set a new stage in regional 45 pedro da motta veiga sandra rios o regionalismo pós-liberal na amérca do sul origens iniciativas e dilemas 2007 82 serie comercio internacional 26 46 ibid 30 47 ibid 13

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