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new edition high school english grammar composition by wren martin with new appendices revised by n.d.v prasada rao s chand

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page i new edition high school english grammar and composition by p.c wren ma oxon and h martin m.a oxon o.b.e revised by n.d.v prasada rao m.a d.t.e ph.d dear students beware of fake/pirated editions many of our best selling titles have been unlawfully printed by unscrupulous persons your sincere effort in this direction may stop piracy and save intellectuals rights for the genuine book check the 3-d hologram which gives a rainbow effect s chand an iso 9001 2000 company s chand company ltd ram nagar new delhi -110 055

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page iii preface to the new edition wren and martin s monumental work high school english grammar and composition now appears in two editions one is a de luxe edition illustrated in full-colour and the other is an ordinary edition without illustrations the material in the book has been further updated where called for it has been felt necessary in particular to revise some material in the chapters dealing with adjectives active and passive voice articles and prepositions appendix i which deals with american english has been expanded appendix ii has been replaced with a newer set of tests covering the important areas of grammar it was in the year 1972 that the shrewd visionary mr shyam lai gupta obtained the permission of manecji cooper education trust for the revision of this book and commissioned me to revise it thoroughly the revised edition came out in 1973 and was well received one of the main features of the revised edition was the addition of a great deal of new material such as the three chapters on structures based on the new developments in the study of english structure and usage subsequently the book was revised every four or five years and most extensively in 1999 unlike many traditional grammar books the book in the present form helps the student to use the language as well as giving detailed information about the language it provides ample guidance and practice in sentence building correct usage comprehension written composition and other allied areas so as to equip the student with the ability to communicate effectively in english it is gratifying to learn that this classic work though primarily intended for use in the indian subcontinent is also used in sri lanka malaysia singapore mauritius etc it is hoped that the book will be found useful in many more countries where english is used as a second or foreign language n.d.v prasada rao your attention please in this work on some pages the publishers have stated between parallel lines a work from s chand company ltd this has been done to establish that this is a genuine edition of the work publishers

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page iv contents book i grammar chapter pages 1 the sentence 1 2 subject and predicate 1 3 the phrase and the clause 2 4 parts of speech 3 5 the noun kinds of nouns 5 6 the noun gender 8 7 the noun number 10 8 the noun case 15 9 the adjective 19 10 comparison of adjectives 24 11 adjectives used as nouns 33 12 position of the adjectives 34 13 the correct use of some adjectives 34 14 articles 37 15 personal pronouns 43 16 reflexive and emphatic pronouns 48 17 demonstrative indefinite and distributive pronouns 49 i8 relative pronouns 52 19 interrogative pronouns 62 20 the verb 65 21 verbs of incomplete predication 68 22 active and passive voice 70 23 mood 75 24 tenses introduction 78 25 the uses of the present and past tenses 81 26 the future 86 27 the verb person and number 88 28 the infinitive 90 29 the participle 93 30 the gerund 99 31 irregular verbs 102 32 auxiliaries and modals 109 33 conjugation of the verb love 115 34 the adverb 118 35 comparison of adverbs 123 36 formation of advebs 124 37 position of adverbs 125 38 the preposition 127 39 words followed by prepositions 136 40 the conjunction 149

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41 some conjunctions and their uses 157 42 the interjection 163 43 the same word used as different parts of speech 163 book ii composition part i analysis transformation and synthesis 1 analysis of simple sentences 169-178 exercise 1-7 170

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page v 2 phrases 179-185 adjective phrases 179 exercises 8-12 179 adverb phrases 181 exercises 13-19 182 noun phrases 184 exercises 20-22 184 3 clauses 185-193 adverb clauses 185 exercises 23-26 186 adjective clauses 188 exercises 27-30 188 noun clauses 190 exercises 31-34 190 exercises 35-36 192 4 sentences simple compound and complex 193-196 exercise 37 195 5 more about noun clauses 196-198 exercises 38-39 197 6 more about adjective clauses 198-201 exercises 40-42 200 7 more about adverb clauses 201-208 adverb clauses of time 201 exercise 43 201 adverb clauses of place 201 exercise 44 202 adverb clauses of purpose 202 exercise 45 202 adverb clauses of cause or reason 202 exercise 46 202 adverb clauses of condition 202 exercise 47 203 adverb clauses of result and consequence 203 exercise 48 204 adverb clauses of comparison 204 exercises 49-50 204 adverb clauses of supposition or concession 204 exercise 51 205 exercises 52-55 205

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8 analysis of complex sentences clause analysis 208-211 exercise 56 210 9 analysis of compound sentences clause analysis 211-215 exercise 57 213 exercise 58 miscellaneous 214 10 transformation of sentences 215-223 sentences containing the adverb too 215 exercise 59 215 interchange of the degrees of comparison 216 exercise 60 216 interchange of active and passive voice 217 exercises 61-63 218 interchange of affirmative and negative sentences 219 exercises 64-65 219 interchange of interrogative and assertive sentences 220 exercises 66-67 220 interchange of exclamatory and assertive sentences 221 exercises 68-69 221

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page vi interchange of one part of speech for another 221 exercise 70 222 11 transformation of sentences contd 223-239 conversion of simple sentences to compound double sentences 223 exercises 71-72 223 conversion of compound double sentences to simple sentences 224 exercises 73-74 225 conversion of simple sentences to complex 226 exercises 75-78 227 conversion of complex sentences to simple sentences 230 exercises 79-82 230 conversion of compound sentences to complex 235 exercises 83-84 235 conversion of complex sentences to compound 237 exercises 85-86 237 exercise 87 miscellaneous 239 12 synthesis of sentences 240-246 combination of two or more simple sentences into a single simple sentence 240 exercises 88-93 241 exercise 94 miscellaneous 244 13 synthesis of sentences contd 246-248 combination of two or more simple sentences into a single compound sentence 246 exercise 95 247 14 synthesis of sentences contd 249-255 combination of two or more simple sentences into a single complex sentence 249 exercises 96-100 250 15 the sequence of tenses 255-258 exercises 101-103 256 16 direct and indirect speech 258-266 exercises 104-109 261 part ii correct usage 17 agreement of the verb with the subject 267-270 exercise 110 269 18 nouns and pronouns 270-275

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exercises 111-114 273 19 adjectives 275-278 20 verbs 278-282 exercise 115 281 21 adverbs 282-284 exercise 116 283 22 conjunctions 284-285 23 order of words 285-287 exercises 117-118 286 24 idioms 288-294 25 idioms contd 294-311 26 punctuation 312-319 exercises 119-122 316 27 spelling rules 319-320 28 the formation of words 321-333

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page vii 29 figures of speech 333-344 exercise 125 339 part iii structures 30 verb patterns 341-347 exercise 126 347 31 question tags short answers etc 347-351 exercises 127-130 349 32 more structures 351-354 exercise 131 354 part iv written composition 33 paragraph-writing 355-358 introductory remarks 353 principles 355 examples 356 the writing of single paragraphs 357 exercise 132 358 34 story-writing 359-363 introductory remarks 359 hints 359 specimen 359 exercise 133 360 35 reproduction of a story-poem 364-367 introductory remarks 363 hints 363 specimens 363 exercise 134 366 36 letter-writing 367-389 introductory remarks 367 the form of letters 367 classification of letters 370 social letters 370 friendly letters 370 specimens 371

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exercise 135 372 specimens 373 exercise 136 374 specimens 374 exercises 137-139 375 specimens 376 exercises 140-141 378 notes of invitations 379 specimens 379 business letters 380 specimens 381 exercise 142 384 letters of application 384 specimens 389 exercise 143 385 official letters 385 specimens 385 exercise 144 386 letters to newspapers 386 specimens 386 exercise 145 387 specimens 387 exercise 146 388

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page viii 37 comprehension 389-403 introductory remarks 389 specimen 389 exercise 147 390 38 precis-writing 404-420 introductory remarks 404 uses of precis-writing 404 method of procedure 405 to sum up 408 specimens 408 exercise 148 409 39 expansion of passages 420-423 introductory remarks 420 method of procedure 420 specimens 421 exercise 149 422 40 essay-writing 423-436 introductory remarks 423 characteristics of a good school essay 424 classification of essays 425 hints on essay-writing 426 method of collecting materials 427 bare outline 429 full outline 430 writing the essay 430 specimens 432 exercises 150-151 435 41 autobiographies 436-438 introductory remarks 436 specimens 436 exercises 152-154 437 42 dialogue-writing 438-447 introductory remarks 438 method of procedure 439 special hints 439 specimens 440 exercises 155-162 445 43 the appreciation of poetry 447-458

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introductory remarks 447 specimens 454 exercise 163 456 44 paraphrasing 459-470 introductory remarks 459 uses of paraphrasing 459 characteristics of a good paraphrase 459 the paraphrase of poetry 462 special hints 464 method of procedure 464 specimens 466 exercise 164 467 appendices 471-482 appendix -1 differences between british and american english 471 appendix ii general review of grammar 475 an authentic and useful solution of this book entitled a key to wren and martin s high school english grammar and composition is also available,

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page 1 high school english grammar chapter 1 the sentence 1 when we speak or write we use words we generally use these words in groups as little jack homer sat in a corner a group of words like this which makes complete sense is called a sentence kinds of sentences 2 sentences are of four kinds 1 those which make statements or assertions as humpty dumpty sat on a wall 2 those which ask questions as where do you live 3 those which express commands requests or entreaties as be quiet have mercy upon us 4 those which express strong feelings as how cold the night is what a shame a sentence that makes a statement or assertion is called a declarative or assertive sentence a sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative sentence a sentence that expresses a command or an entreaty is called an imperative sentence a sentence that expresses strong feeling is called an exclamatory sentence chapter 2 subject and predicate 3 when we make a sentence 1 we name some person or thing and 2 say something about that person or thing.

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page 2 in other words we must have a subject to speak about and we must say or predicate something about that subject hence every sentence has two parts 1 the part which names the person or thing we are speaking about this is called the subject of the sentence 2 the part which tells something about the subject this is called the predicate of the sentence 4 the subject of a sentence usually comes first but occasionally it is put after the predicate as here comes the bus sweet are the uses of adversity 5 in imperative sentences the subject is left out as sit down [here the subject you is understood thank him [here too the subject you is understood exercise in grammar 1 in the following sentences separate the subject and the predicate 1 the cackling of geese saved rome 2 the boy stood on the burning deck 3 tubal cain was a man of might 4 stone walls do not make a prison 5 the singing of the birds delights us 6 miss kitty was rude at the table one day 7 he has a good memory 8 bad habits grow unconsciously 9 the earth revolves round the sun 10 nature is the best physician 11 edison invented the phonograph 12 the sea hath many thousand sands 13 we cannot pump the ocean dry 14 borrowed garments never fit well 15 the early bird catches the worm 16 all matter is indestructible 17 islamabad is the capital of pakistan 18 we should profit by experience 19 all roads lead to rome 20 a guilty conscience needs no excuse 21 the beautiful rainbow soon faded away 22 no man can serve two masters 23 a sick room should be well aired 24 the dewdrops glitter in the sunshine.

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