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the survival manual tms how to survive in the wild in any climate on land or at sea authors chris ramsay mahid aulakh gregory nance chase thomas

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survival page 2 page 11

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survival tms hunting/weaponry keen observation of all signs of wildlife and a knowledge of the kind of animals you are hunting are as necessary to the hunter as skillful tracking and accurate marksmanship always proceed as quietly as possible move slowly and stop regularly fast or sudden movements will startle the game sniff the air and listen hunt against the wind or at least across it if an animal is downwind of you it will smell you and run the ideal time to hunt is at dawn when game is more likely to be up and around animals are also about in the evening but the light will be getting dimmer and you could lose your way back to camp note if you are moving correctly game often will not see you if an animal catches a glimpse of you freeze you may be the first human it has seen it will be more curious than frightened keep absolutely still until the animal looks away or continues feeding avoid large animals such as bears unless you are really desperate or confident of a first shot kill otherwise you could end up becoming the hunted of course you need a weapon to hunt here a some you can make fairly easily spears a staff is a good aid to walking and by sharpening one end it can be turned into a useful and effective throwing or jabbing weapon a straight staff about six feet in length is ideal for a jabbing spear a three foot spear makes for a more manageable throwing spear to make a spear more effective add a point of flint or a flattened cone of tin or securely bind on a knife do not use a knife if you only have one however it could be too easily lost or damaged table of contents elements of survival page essentials for survival facing disaster and basic needs fire shelter food hunting/weaponry 4 5 6 7-8 9 10 page 10 page 3

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survival tms finding food essentials p-protection you must ensure you are protected from forest fires and exploding fuel on an enclosed area stay at the scene of arrival because 1 2 3 4 5 you can utilize the wreckage for shelter signaling etc it is a larger visual beacon for rescue teams to spot some disabled or impaired people cannot be moved you are able to conserve energy since you have stayed on the intended path of travel rescue time will be minimized in most cases plant foods are the most readily available but you also need to know which plants to avoid almost any animal can provide food and you must get used to eating unusual ones such as worms and insects which are easily obtained a varying amount of traps and snares can be used if you know which are suitable to the climate you are in fish offer another vital source of protein and some fishing methods require no prior angling skills what to avoid the main two poisons found in the plant world are l-location the next step is to put out emergency signals such as fire and/or flares if you have them you must draw attention to your position and do this as soon as possible to increase the chances of recue teams seeing you hydrocyanic acid-this has the taste and smell of bitter almonds or peaches the cherry laurel contains a closely allied poison crush the leaves and smell the sap discard all plants with this smell oxalic acid­ recognizable by the sharp dry stinging or burning sensation when applied to the skin or tongue discard all plants which fit this description carbohydrates­ found in sugar syrup honey treacle and fruits they prevent ketosis which causes indigestion vomiting and nausea caused by the excessive breakdown of body fats during starvation fats­ contain the same elements as carbohydrates but are combined differently they provide a concentrated source of energy and almost twice as many calories as carbohydrates they are found in animals fish eggs milk nuts and some vegetables and fungi proteins­ these are essential for the growth and repair of the body and are made of complex chemical structures of amino acids the main sources of protein are meat fish eggs and dairy produce also take note of your energy needs because a completely restful person requires about 70 calories per hour to maintain their basic metabolism a-acquisition while you wait for the rescue teams search for water and food to help supplement your emergency supplies n-navigation to avert a survival situation wield good navigation to keep you on route if you find yourself stranded always stay where you are page 4 page 9

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survival tms shelter cont sheeting with rock or tinder to form a lean-to shelter erect a horizontal cross piece between two trees next on the windward side lean a panel waddle or tie lean saplings at a 45 degree angle to form the roof site your fire on the leeward side walls as necessary facing disaster when finding yourself in a survival situation it is easy to let yourself go to collapse and be consumed in self-pity but it will be of no use to you or your chance of survival and you will find yourself in a more hopeless than hopeful position try to stay positive and keep well-nourished doing this will keep you at peak mental state and physically able to tolerate a great deal some of the following are what you will have to overcome in order to successfully survive in harsh conditions fear and anxiety pain and injury cold or intense heat thirst hunger and fatigue sleep deprivation boredom loneliness and isolation tropical shelter being less concerned with wind a thatching of palm banana and other large leaves will make a supportive for any tropical shelter using atap also known as wait-a-while vine you can layer halves of this leaf on your roof frame basic needs the main elements of survival are food fire shelter and water in turn their order of importance will vary according to where you happen to be in the heat water will be the first priority in polar regions shelter from the wind and fire to stay internally balanced will be key to survival though a human can live substantially well without food exposure to wind rain and cold can be fatal even in the mildest of climates water should always be one of the first things you should find and when found you may have to make sure no contaminations are in the liquid a survivor at sea will have no obvious water available until it rains page 8 page 5

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survival tms fire preparation first collect the three main components of a successful fire the tinder kindling and fuel then you must create a fireplace to safely contain the flames if careless the fire may get out of control tinder tinder is any kind of material that takes the minimum of heat to make it catch alight good tinder needs only a spark to ignite it birch bark dried grasses fine wood shavings bird down wax paper and cotton fluff from clothing all make good tinder whatever tinder you use must be dry try to keep it in a waterproof container and always keep an eye out for tinder to collect kindling­ kindling is the wood used to raise the flames from the tinder so that larger and less combustible materials can be burned the best kindling is small dry twigs and sticks and softer woods fuel use dry wood from standing trees to get the fire going once it is established you can use greener wood or dry out damp wood the heavier the wood the more heat it will give off hardwoods give of great heat and last for a long time and are great for keeping a fire going through the night another fuel you can use is animal droppings dry the droppings thoroughly for a good smokeless fire mix them with grass moss and leaves shelter introduction shelter is necessary to give shade to repel wind and rain and to keep in warmth if you are a victim of a plane crash or a vehicle that has let you dow2n it may provide a shelter or materials from which one can be built if you find yourself in a predicament where you are a victim of an accident you may have to make do with any natural shelter that you can find for the night or until you can fully access the situation type of shelters the type of shelter you build will almost always depend upon local conditions and materials available you also have to consider how long you expect to need it also for immediate protection from the elements it is wise to construct a makeshift shelter while you construct something better and more permanent if no materials are available for constructing a shelter make use of any cover that is available e.g cliff overhangs gradients and caves sometimes you should consider are bough root using a natural hollow sapling and lean-to shelters constructing a bough shelter is done by making use of branches that sweep down to the ground or boughs that have partly broken from a tree to give basic protection from the elements weave in other twigs and materials to make the cover more dense constructing a root shelter is done by using the spread out roots and trapped earth at the base of a fallen tree fill in the sides of the between the extended roots and this shelter will be successful if at the right angle to the wind constructing a natural hollow shelter is done by using a shallow depression in the ground to provide protection from the wind take measures to deflect the downhill flow of water especially if on a slope consolidate with turf or with twigs and leaves constructing a sapling shelter can only be done of suitable sapling growth is available select two lines of saplings clear the ground between them of any obstructions and lash their tops together to form a support frame for sheeting weight down the bottom edges of the page 7 firelighting make a bed of tinder and put the kindling around it in the shape of a teepee ignite the tinder once the kindling has caught fire then begin to add larger sticks there are many ways to start the fire such as using a lens strong direct sunlight focused through a lens can produce sufficient heat to ignite your tinder you can use a magnifying glass camera lens or even a pair of glasses flint and steel flint is a stone found in many parts of the world if it is struck vigorously with a piece of steel hot sparks fly off which will ignite the tinder fire bow a simple fire making technique but it needs a lot of practice the friction of a hardwood spindle rotated on a soft base produces fine wooddust and heat from the friction page 6

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