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international olympic committee candidature acceptance procedure games of the xxix olympiad 2008 report by the ioc candidature acceptance working group hereafter the working group to the executive board of the international olympic committee hereafter the ioc eb or the eb august 18 2000 lausanne

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note to the reader the original version of the present report was drafted in english this is the version that was approved by all the members of the working group consequently in the event of a discrepancy between the french and english texts of the present report the english text shall be deemed authentic.

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table of contents pages introduction method of analysis assessment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 government support and public opinion general infrastructure sports infrastructure olympic village environmental conditions and impact accommodation transport security experience from past sports events 1 5 8 9 15 23 31 37 41 47 55 59 63 67 69 10 finance 11 general concept conclusion

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introduction the games of the xxix olympiad will be celebrated in 2008 hereafter the 2008 olympic games ten cities hereafter the applicant cities have applied to become candidate cities to host the 2008 olympic games namely in alphabetical order bangkok thailand beijing people s republic of china cairo egypt havana cuba istanbul turkey kuala lumpur malaysia osaka japan paris france seville spain toronto canada the recommendations adopted by the 110th ioc session in december 1999 in lausanne have resulted in fundamental changes regarding the procedure leading to the election of the host city for any olympic games such changes have been incorporated into the olympic charter more particularly bye-law to rule 37 annex 1 pursuant to such provisions a new candidature acceptance procedure see also annex 1 was adopted on 18 february 2000 by the ioc eb this first or preliminary phase will be led by the ioc eb which will decide on 28-29 august 2000 in lausanne which cities among the applicant cities will be accepted as candidate cities the ioc eb has instructed the ioc administration to prepare and send to all applicant cities a questionnaire for cities applying to become candidate cities to host the games of the xxix olympiad in 2008 hereafter the questionnaire annex 1 review all answers and other related information received from all applicant cities and to establish for the attention of the ioc eb a report assessing the ability of each applicant city ­ including its country ­ to host organise and stage high level international multi-sports events more particularly possibly olympic games it will be up to the ioc eb to determine which cities shall be accepted as candidate cities the purpose of this report is to assist the ioc eb in the preparation of its decision section 1.3.3 of the candidature acceptance procedure provides the following the ioc may appoint experts and representatives including experts from the ifs the nocs and the ioc athletes commission if so requested the applicant cities shall receive such experts and representatives in their respective cities and shall respond to their questions the costs of such visits shall be borne by the ioc the above mentioned experts shall be at the disposal of the ioc executive board for the performance of their duties in order to perform its task and prepare this report the ioc administration pursuant to section 1.3.3 of the candidature acceptance procedure has commissioned a certain number of studies and appointed a number of experts and representatives including experts from the ifs the nocs and the ioc athletes commission and established an ioc candidature acceptance working group hereafter the working group composed of the following persons in alphabetical order :

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professor philippe bovy transport expert professor of transportation swiss federal institute of technology in lausanne expert on the ioc coordination commissions for sydney salt lake city and athens ioc director general athlete representative member of the ioc athletes commission member of the ioc gold medallist in 1988 bronze medallist in 1992 participated in 1996 olympic games ioc director of sports olympic games coordination and relations with the international federations if representative general secretary of the international tennis federation environment expert member of the ioc coordination commissions for nagano sydney salt lake and athens member of the ioc evaluation commission for 2004 and 2006 noc representative former secretary general of the british olympic association member of the ioc coordination commission for sydney ioc advisor for noc matters director of the department for the organisation of international sports events and international cooperation italian olympic committee assistant chef de mission at ten winter and summer olympic games former director general of the lillehammer olympic organising committee member of the ioc evaluation commission for 2004 mr françois carrard mr robert ctvrtlik mr gilbert felli ms deborah jevans mr olav myrholt mr richard palmer mr tullio paratore mr petter ronningen

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mr santiago de sicart director of security barcelona olympic games 1992 security expert on the ioc coordination commissions for sydney salt lake city and athens ioc director of control and coordination of operations ioc director of legal affairs ioc director of technology mr thierry sprunger mr howard stupp mr philippe verveer all ten applicant cities have replied to the ioc s questionnaire within the deadline set by the ioc 20 june 2000 all members of the working group have received all documentation sent by each applicant city external expertise the following outside experts have been instructed to undertake specific research and have presented reports to the working group in the following areas · idate european audiovisual and telecommunications institute bp 44167 34092 montpellier france · pricewaterhouse coopers avenue c.f ramuz 45 1001 lausanne switzerland · swiss federal institute of technology in lausanne institute of transportation and planning transport and environmental design unit epfl 1015 lausanne switzerland · decision matrix decision software development 77 havelock street ottawa ontario canada decision software general infrastructure transport legal aspects finance government structure telecommunications

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the working group has verified that all above-mentioned experts are not commissioned by any applicant city their studies and reports have been performed and submitted in full independence decision matrix decision matrix was formed in 1983 for the purpose of developing decision software catering to large and very specific decision problems in organisations the decision matrix software programme uses modern graphic-user interfaces to display results in an easily interpretable fashion decision matrix are experts in the development of decision models in the area of human resources purchasing and acquisitions strategic planning restructuring of companies and technology forecasting the foremost users of these programmes are large corporations in north america and europe government agencies and panels for the optimisation of new military hardware and strategies working group meeting the working group met in lausanne on 10-14 july 2000 and following presentations made by experts including external representatives and ioc directors decided to assess the applicant cities on the basis of a number of technical assessment criteria a weighting of 1-5 5 being the most important was attributed to each criterion the technical assessment criteria are 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 government support and public opinion general infrastructure sports infrastructure olympic village environmental conditions and impact accommodation transport security experience from past sports events finance was not assessed as a separate criterion as financial aspects were taken into account in each of the above criteria and as such no weighting was attributed however general remarks have been included in this respect general concept weighting 1 5 4 4 2 5 4 3 2 3

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the working group established sub-groups for the purpose of studying each above mentioned criterion in more detail in the performance of its duties the working group has taken into account the substance of recommendation 50 which was adopted by the 110th ioc session in december 1999 in lausanne according to such recommendation only cities adequately prepared should be authorised to be accepted as candidates thus avoiding unnecessary expenditure for those cities not sufficiently prepared yet the working group has limited itself to the examination of technical and factual data provided by the applicant cities and the reports provided by external experts the assessment has also taken into consideration the quality of the information provided by the applicant cities the working group has not taken into account any other considerations or criteria such as olympic movement general policy or geopolitical factors such considerations or criteria belong to the sphere of authority of the ioc eb alone method of analysis following the decision of the ioc eb to adopt a new procedure for the election of olympic games host cities and in view of the importance of this procedure the eb considered that the assessment of applicant cities in phase i should be backed up by a software decision making programme having considered a number of options the ioc selected decision matrix to assist with the assessment of the ten applicant cities for 2008 based on its experience with projects of a similar nature in consultation with the ioc decision matrix has developed the olymplogic decision model based on an already proven decision model optionlogic which computes the best option amongst a number of contenders several preparatory meetings were held between the ioc administration and decision matrix to adapt the olymplogic programme to enable a comparison of applicant cities on the basis of a number of ioc-specific criteria and to define possible analysis criteria for approval by the working group.

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mathematical background real life decisions are often based on incomplete information and subjective criteria to describe the situational parameters at hand and their inexact numerical estimates this is also the case for the selection of future olympic sites thus it is imperative to use socalled fuzzy logic since the assessment criteria concerning for example future plans and financing are inherently uncertain olymplogic caters to this uncertainty and permits the user to input fuzzy grades for subjective criteria criteria for which information is incomplete or criteria for which only estimates can be given a fuzzy number is given as an interval comprising a minimum and maximum grade the more uncertain a criterion grade the wider the span between the minimum and maximum grade for example the concept proposal of the olympic village of one city may be rated as 6.0 to 9.0 on a scale of 10 while another city might obtain the specific number of 6.0 where the minimum and maximum numbers are identical clearly in the case of the latter city the assessor was absolutely certain in the judgement of the concept as described by that city with all village components given a medium rating in contrast the former city proposed an olympic village with some elements of medium value while others were excellent numerous literature exists to describe the mathematics of fuzzy logic for example in kacprzyk1 and böhme2 most traditional decision models such as the widely used average weighted sum cannot be used for the ioc s assessment of applicant cities as these methods may mask some weak grades with strong grades when combining them to an average the result could be misleading since the combined average of a city may be acceptable while there exists a hidden unacceptable weakness in a criterion grade olymplogic overcomes this problem by using the entropy principle which simultaneously involves computing the respective performance of applicant cities for all criteria in relation to one another the result is that the entropy considers the volatility turbulence or unevenness of the grades thus preventing the masking of weak grades and leading to more accurate results the entropy principle was formulated by h.l.f von helmholtz a german physicist in 1847 and is the underlying basis by which the universe functions in olymplogic the entropy principle is employed to measure the turbulence of the scores an evaluator gives to the criteria for assessing applicant cities for example if there are a number of criteria by which an applicant city is evaluated and if the grades fluctuate widely between 1 and 10 the turbulence is high and thus there is a high degree of uncertainty in this applicant in other words the entropy is a measure of trust in the capability of an applicant city to host the olympic games many references describe the use of entropy in decision making as for example in hwang and yoon3 1 2 kacprzyk j multistage decision-making under fuzziness verlag tÜf rheinland köln 1983 böhme g fuzzy logik springer verlag berlin 1993 3 hwang c yoon k multiple attribute decision making section 5.3 entropy method springer verlag new york 1981.

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evaluation procedure olymplogic requires a number of steps to evaluate applicant cities 1 creation of a list of criteria to describe the readiness of a city to host the 2008 olympic games 2 not all criteria are of the same importance or weight to account for this weighting factors have been given 3 establishment of the ioc benchmark this benchmark constitutes the minimum desirable grade for any criterion by the ioc the working group set the ioc benchmark at 6 4 assessment of the applicant cities through the set of criteria results fuzzy grades produce fuzzy results expressed by performance bars of varying length a long performance bar indicates that the underlying grades of a particular city were very fuzzy there are three basic interpretations of the results 1 the entire performance bar lies inside the ioc benchmark such a city is proposed by the working group as a possible candidate city for the 2008 olympic games 2 the entire performance bar lies outside the ioc benchmark in this respect the working group feels that such city is not ready at this point to host the olympic games 3 part of a performance bar lies inside the ioc benchmark while the rest of the bar is outside the interpretation of such a scenario is as follows if everything proposed by the applicant city was to work perfectly the city could be considered as a possible candidate city if on the other hand this was not the case the city would perform at the lower end of the performance bar and thus would not be ready to host the 2008 olympic games.

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assessment below are to be found the results of the working group s assessment of each of the ten applicant cities according to the technical criteria the results of the assessment are two-fold textual and graphical the textual part comprises a brief introduction of how each sub-group approached the criteria in question as well as an explanation as to how and why the relevant grades were awarded to the ten cities the graph at the end of each criterion shows the position of each of the ten applicant cities for the particular criteria in relation to the ioc benchmark and in relation to each other definition of terminology used in the report benchmark minimum required grade on a scale of 0 to 10 the working group established the benchmark at 6.0 probability of a project being achieved in the proposed timeframe taking into account financing political issues time location speed of growth of the city/region and post-olympic use a factor value of 0.1 to 1.0 applicable to the grades can penalise the project to which it is attributed attribute of a value used to characterize a grade result or number in the format of an interval comprising a minimum and maximum grade result or number value on a scale of 0 to 10 attributed by the working group to the main and sub-criteria for each applicant city reflecting the assessment of the working group quality number location concept etc criteria defined in relation to the ioc s questionnaire to applicant cities and on which the assessment of cities is based the working group has attributed a grade of 1-10 to each criterion sub-division of a criterion by the working group in order to facilitate the assessment importance given by the working group to a main or subcriterion in relation to other criteria or sub-criteria a weighting with a value of 1-5 is given to each main criterion a weighting with a value of 1-3 is given to certain sub-criteria where judged necessary by the working group feasibility fuzzy grade main criteria sub-criteria weighting

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1 government support and public opinion weighting 1 introduction a low weighting 1 was attributed to this very important criterion as in this preliminary phase no in depth study was conducted into the matters of government support and public opinion this will be carried out for candidate cities in phase ii of the candidature procedure by the ioc evaluation commission only then would a much higher weighting be justified the working group took the following elements into consideration when reviewing the information provided by the applicant cities concerning government support and public opinion general level of support provided by their governments commitments regarding services to be provided at no cost to ocog the funding of general and sports infrastructures as well as coverage of shortfalls and deficits the working group established and assessed four sub-criteria with a specific weighting factor for each of them weighting 1 government support 1 2 government commitment ­ financial aspects 1 3 legal aspects 1 4 public opinion 2 a grade of 1-10 was attributed to each of the above sub-criteria these grades were then multiplied by the weighting factor attributed to each sub-criterion to achieve the minimum and maximum grade on the summary table in conducting its work the working group did not contact any government nor did it verify the accuracy and significance of any polls mentioned by any applicant city.

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bangkok the bid enjoys the support of the prime minister the government and the governor of bangkok who have expressed their commitment to the bid the government has committed to prioritising any infrastructure projects required to host the olympic games the relevant authorities are committed to providing services at no cost to ocog in addition all sports and non-competition venues owned by the public authorities will be made available to ocog either at no cost or at a rental cost to be approved by the ioc public opinion the applicant city states that a poll conducted in april 2000 showed 70 in favour of the project and 20 against beijing the bid enjoys the support of the chinese government via a resolution adopted by both the beijing municipal people s congress and the beijing municipal committee most of the municipal infrastructure projects required for the games have been included in the city s development plans the beijing municipal government and the district and county governments have given written assurances that they will meet olympic games needs in terms of funding land personnel competition venues and other sports facilities the chinese government and the beijing municipal government will undertake to cover any shortfall all publicly owned venues will be made available to ocog either free of charge or at a rental cost to be approved by the ioc the beijing municipal government and relevant department of the chinese government have undertaken either to finance the construction of all necessary infrastructure projects or adopt preferential policies for their construction public opinion according to the applicant city an opinion poll conducted in beijing in february march 2000 by a survey institution showed 94.6 in favour of the project cairo the egyptian government and the government of the city of cairo have guaranteed to cover all necessary expenditure for games facilities to undertake and finance all required infrastructure developments and to cover any deficit the government guarantees to provide services at no cost to ocog the minister of youth guarantees to make available all sports and non-competition venues to ocog public opinion there is no mention of an opinion poll the applicant city declares that the majority of the public supports the hosting of the games all 14 political parties express their support to hosting the olympic games.

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havana the bid enjoys the support of the cuban government all public institutions of havana city including the 15 municipalities support the application to host the games together with the cuban olympic committee and the national institute of sports physical education and recreation the central government the havana city government and the governments of the 15 municipalities commit themselves through the state budget to providing services sports facilities and other facilities at no cost to ocog public opinion no opinion poll has been mentioned the applicant city states that the entire country supports the project to which there is no opposition istanbul the bid committee iobc has the full support of the national and local public bodies this is reflected in turkey s olympic legislation which obliges all public bodies to support the iobc in the preparation for and the organisation of the games the olympic law guarantees iobc financial resources and as such the state planning organisation has incorporated related investment into the eighth five year development plan state subsidies will cover the capital investment needed to stage the games all services will be guaranteed to ocog at no cost public opinion according to the applicant city the results of an opinion poll conducted in istanbul in october 1996 show that 96.2 of the population of istanbul supports the organisation of the games kuala lumpur the relevant federal ministers and the lord mayor of kuala lumpur support the bid government support is demonstrated by the agreement of the malaysian prime minister to be chairman of the 2008 olympic games committee the information provided by the applicant city concerning government contributions was unclear the government has agreed that services and all publicly owned sports stadiums and venues will be available at no cost to ocog public opinion no opinion poll has been mentioned according to the applicant city there is widespread support for staging the 2008 olympic games on november 6th 1999 over two million malaysians walked in support of the 2008 olympic games bid.

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osaka the osaka bid enjoys the unanimous support of the osaka city council 1995 the osaka prefecture and other national associations and was approved by the japanese government in december 1998 the government has pledged financial support to osaka city in constructing major sports facilities and infrastructure required for the olympic games osaka s solid financial standing enables the city to provide most of the financial support required for the organisation of the games the national government and osaka prefecture will provide infrastructures and services at no cost to ocog the government has promised to cover up to half of the construction cost of major sports infrastructure required for the games public opinion the applicant city states that the results of an opinion poll held in 1994 in osaka show 79.4 in support of the bid opposition the japanese communist party in the city council 15 out of 90 seats declared itself against the bid in july 1999 a change from its former favourable position paris the paris bid enjoys the support of the city of paris the ile-de-france region the state and the noc which have jointly constituted a group of public interest gip to present the bid the government is committed to taking all necessary means notably on a financial level to guarantee the successful organisation of the games the public authorities undertake to cover the cost of olympic games capital investments public opinion according to the applicant city an opinion poll carried out on 16th-17th november 1999 shows 79 of the citizens of the ile-de-france region in support of the project seville the seville 2008 project enjoys the support of all public administration local provincial regional and state the financing of the sports venues and infrastructure is fully guaranteed by the budget of the public administration including services human resources and sports venues private and public at no cost to ocog public opinion the applicant city states that an opinion poll conducted in may 2000 shows 76.2 of seville citizens to be familiar with the project and 93.3 of these to be in favour.

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