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rituals of islamic monarchy accession and succession in the first muslim empire andrew marsham edinburgh university press

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to farrhat © andrew marsham 2009 edinburgh university press ltd 22 george square edinburgh www.euppublishing.com typeset in jaghbuni by servis filmsetting ltd stockport cheshire and printed and bound in great britain by cpi antony rowe chippenham and eastbourne a cip record for this book is available from the british library isbn 978 0 7486 2512 3 hardback the right of andrew marsham to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the copyright designs and patents act 1988.

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contents list of maps and figures v acknowledgements vi map 1 viii map 2 x map 3 xii introduction 1 part i late antique arabia and early islam c 550­c 660 introduction 1 alliance and allegiance in pre-islamic arabia 2 the verb byaa in the qurn allegiance to muammad 3 the oath of allegiance in the `conquest society c 628­c 660 21 24 40 60 part ii the umayyad caliphate c 660­750 introduction 4 sufyanid accession and succession c 660­683 81 86

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iv rituals of islamic monarchy 5 the oath of allegiance in the early tradition and poetry c 680­c 710 96 6 the marwanid patrimony and dynastic succession 7 marwanid rituals of accession and succession 8 writing and the baya in the marwanid period 9 the quranic content of the marwanid documents 113 134 145 168 part iii the early abbasid caliphate c 750­809 introduction 10 the consolidation of abbasid power al-manr and al-mahd 754­785 183 192 11 the caliphates of ms al-hd 785­786 and hrn al-rashd 786­809 216 12 `dispositive documents for the early abbasid succession 230 part iv the middle abbasid caliphate 809­865 introduction 13 from the civil war to samarra 809­847 14 the caliphate of al-mutawakkil 847­861 15 the outbreak of the second ninth-century civil war 861­865 16 abbasid documents for caliphal accession conclusion genealogical table of quraysh 318 genealogical table of the abbasid caliphs bibliography 320 index 338 253 259 274 283 294 309 319

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maps and figures map 1 map 2 map 3 map of the late antique and early islamic near east map of samarra plan of the dr al-khilfa viii x xii figure 1 genealogical table of the marwanid caliphs figure 2 genealogical table of the ban hshim figure 3 genealogical table of the first abbasid caliphs figure 4 genealogical table of quraysh figure 5 genealogical table of the abbasid caliphs in the eighth and ninth centuries 119 187 193 318 319

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acknowledgements my greatest academic debt is to chase robinson who supervised the graduate work that informs parts of this book and who gave very generously of his time during the course of the composition of the book itself reading and commenting upon a draft of every chapter i could not have asked for a more diligent and professional graduate supervisor nor latterly a more careful and scholarly reader and critic and would like to record my heartfelt thanks here four more scholars also very kindly read and commented on the whole book or substantial portions of it paul cobb patricia crone john healey and james howardjohnston i would like to express my sincere gratitude to all four of them it is impossible to name all those who have directly influenced my ideas or helped me with specific assistance information or criticism but i would particularly like to thank tamima bayhom-daou rocco bernasconi teresa bernheimer kevin van bladel dominic brookshaw ron buckley lawrence conrad kate cooper geert jan van gelder tim greenwood muntasir f al-hamad julia hillner mohamed hussein al-kurdi colin imber nadia jamil jeremy johns oliver kahl hugh kennedy geoffrey khan conrad leyser simon loseby michael macdonald dalia mustafa donald richards philip sadgrove alexander samely adam silverstein richard todd shawkat toorawa luke treadwell and mark whittow i apologise to anyone whom i have inadvertantly omitted from this list and emphasise that none of those mentioned should be held in any way responsible for any of the book s shortcomings long before i knew that i would be writing a history book i was fortunate to have had many dedicated and inspiring teachers and would like to thank my undergraduate tutors john maddicott michael hart bryan ward-perkins and the late patrick wormald and my school history teachers roy cook ian crowe and steve pagan vi

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acknowledgements vii the researching and writing of this book depended upon a postgraduate scholarship from the arts and humanities research board scholarships from exeter college and the faculty of oriental studies oxford an abdullah mubarak al-sabah research fellowship at pembroke college cambridge and a british academy postdoctoral research fellowship held at the university of manchester the research itself took place in the libraries of the universities of oxford cambridge and manchester and in the library at soas and i would like to record my thanks to the library staff in all four places that it appears in published form is thanks to the staff of edinburgh university press i am especially indebted to nicola ramsey and eddie clark for patiently guiding the book through production i would also like to thank hilary walford and samy ayoub who carried out the copy-editing of the typescript and saeko yazaki and stephen burge for assistance with proof-reading the maps of samarra appear with the kind permission of the british institute for the study of iraq many academic and institutional relationships also entail warm personal ones however there are also more exclusively personal debts ben brice rebecca loncraine and ann and simon clark all inspired and supported this book in very different ways the support of my immediate family goes far beyond any acknowledgement in words but i would nonetheless like to thank my mother judith marsham and my brother john marsham for all of their love help and support and to remember with gratitude my father dennis marsham whose love of learning was an inspiration to me finally there is my sixth reader farrhat arshad who read and critiqued a draft of the whole book with characteristic lawyerly rigour and has been a source of constant love and support during its writing as in all other things i dedicate this book to her note on conventions translations are my own except where a specific one is cited the exception is the qurn where i have often adapted ­ sometimes quite freely ­ abd allah yusuf ali s 1938 translation arabic is transliterated as in the international journal of middle east studies some place names are transliterated but place names familiar in english are given their usual english spelling for example medina baghdad for reasons of clarity consistency and convention dating throughout is according to the christian era when the islamic lunar hijr dates are also given they usually appear in the format 72/691­2 short references to the sources and secondary scholarship upon which i have depended appear as endnotes at the end of each chapter full bibliographic details are found in the bibliography preceded by the list of abbreviations.

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map 1 map of the late antique and early islamic near east.

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map 2 map of samarra the dr al-khilfa is labelled `caliphal palace al-ars is labelled `al-istablat

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map 3 plan of the dr al-khilfa labelled as the `caliphal palace on map 2.

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