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human anatomy and physiology third edition kent m van de graaff ph.d professor of zoology weber state university r ward rhees ph.d professor of zoology brigham young university sidney l palmer ph.d chair department of biology brigham young universityidaho schaum s outline series new york chicago san francisco lisbon london madrid mexico city milan new delhi san juan seoul singapore sydney toronto[close]
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copyright © 2010 1997 1987 by the mcgraw-hill companies inc all rights reserved except as permitted under the united states copyright act of 1976 no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publisher isbn 978-0-07-162331-5 mhid 0-07-162331-0 the material in this ebook also appears in the print version of this title isbn 978-0-07-162330-8 mhid 0-07-162330-2 all trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name we use names in an editorial fashion only and to the benefit of the trademark owner with no intention of infringement of the trademark where such designations appear in this book they have been printed with initial caps mcgraw-hill ebooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions or for use in corporate training programs to contact a representative please e-mail us at bulksales@mcgraw-hill.com terms of use this is a copyrighted work and the mcgraw-hill companies inc mcgraw-hill and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work use of this work is subject to these terms except as permitted under the copyright act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work you may not decompile disassemble reverse engineer reproduce modify create derivative works based upon transmit distribute disseminate sell publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without mcgraw-hill s prior consent you may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use any other use of the work is strictly prohibited your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms the work is provided as is mcgraw-hill and its licensors make no guarantees or warranties as to the accuracy adequacy or completeness of or results to be obtained from using the work including any information that can be accessed through the work via hyperlink or otherwise and expressly disclaim any warranty express or implied including but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose mcgraw-hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free neither mcgraw-hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy error or omission regardless of cause in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom mcgraw-hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work under no circumstances shall mcgraw-hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect incidental special punitive consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages this limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract tort or otherwise.[close]
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preface to the third edition the third edition of schaum s outline of human anatomy and physiology continues the commitment of previous editions of combining effective and carefully selected illustrations with concise and up-to-date anatomical and physiological descriptions careful attention has been paid to recent advances in the fast-paced field of medically and clinically significant physiological processes as well as the use of appropriate and current anatomical terminology pedagogical features and conventions introduced in previous editions have been retained and updated the art program has been evaluated and where necessary new illustrations have been added or altered to enhance the visual learning tables and charts throughout the text have been updated to improve readability and clarity as with previous editions key clinical terms and a comprehensive index are available in addition to the artists who provided the majority of illustrations and line drawings for past editions we wish to thank jacob hernandez and sean higgins for their assistance with preparing the revision manuscripts helping with illustration changes and preparing the index we are grateful to associate editor kimberly-ann eaton and production editor richard rothschild and their staffs for their excellent encouragement assistance and guidance sidney l palmer rexburg idaho vii[close]
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preface to the second edition mastery of the science of human anatomy and physiology is important for students who are planning careers in health-related fields such as medicine nursing dentistry medical technology physical therapy and athletic training the focus of the second edition of schaum s outline of human anatomy and physiology is on presenting practical information that students will be able to apply to real-world situations they might encounter in their chosen discipline in addition numerous examples throughout this study outline reinforce the principle that learning anatomy and physiology helps students become better acquainted with themselves the integration of anatomy and physiology in this study outline provides students with a focused perspective of body structure and function the organization level of rigor and clinical focus of this study outline is especially appropriate for students preparing for health-related careers in addition this study outline provides students with an organized means of preparing for aspects of national mcat dat or allied health board certification examinations the topic sequence and content of this edition are designed to accompany any human anatomy and physiology textbook if used as a supplement to a text and class notes this study outline will improve a student s efficiency of study and performance on course examinations the organization of schaum s outline of human anatomy and physiology is carefully designed to enhance learning each chapter is composed of objective survey problems modules an objective represents a major topic and level of competency that a student should strive to achieve a topic survey follows the objective and is identified with a magnifying glass icon the survey is a carefully phrased body of information that gives the essence of the topic introduced in the objective the problems and answers that follow the survey will test a student s understanding of the subject and provide additional information to meet the objective at the desired level set off from the text narrative are short paragraphs highlighted by accompanying topic icons this interesting information is relevant to the discussion that precedes it the four icons used are as follows clinical information is indicated by a physician s staff su rvey overview information is given that is pertinent to the objective developmental information of practical importance is indicated by a human embryo information relevant to the body processes that maintain homeostasis a state of dynamic equilibrium is indicated by a balance kent m van de graaff r ward rhees viii[close]
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contents chapter 1 chapter 2 chapter 3 chapter 4 chapter 5 chapter 6 chapter 7 chapter 8 chapter 9 introduction to the human body cellular chemistry cell structure and function tissues integumentary system skeletal system muscle tissue and mode of contraction muscular system nervous tissue 1 19 34 47 62 77 108 121 148 162 182 200 218 238 251 269 283 298 315 337 351 367 375 399 ix chapter 10 central nervous system chapter 11 peripheral and autonomic nervous systems chapter 12 sensory organs chapter 13 endocrine system chapter 14 cardiovascular system blood chapter 15 cardiovascular system:the heart chapter 16 cardiovascular system vessels and blood circulation chapter 17 lymphatic system and body immunity chapter 18 respiratory system chapter 19 digestive system chapter 20 metabolism nutrition and temperature regulation chapter 21 urinary system chapter 22 water and electrolyte balance chapter 23 reproductive system index[close]
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chapter 1 introduction to the human body objective a to describe anatomy and physiology as scientific disciplines and to explain how they are related su rvey organisms both plant and animal human anatomy has to do with body structure and the relationships between body structures human physiology is concerned with the functions of the body parts in general function is determined by structure anatomy and physiology are subdivisions of the science of biology which is the study of living 1.1 what are the subspecialties of human anatomy these include gross anatomy the study of structures observed with the unaided eye microscopic anatomy the study of structures observed with the aid of a microscope cytology is the study of cells and their organelles and histology is the study of tissues that make up organs developmental anatomy the study of structural changes from conception to birth and pathological anatomy pathology the study of structural changes caused by disease 1.2 what are the subspecialties of human physiology these include cellular physiology the study of the interactions of cell parts and the specific functions of the organelles and the cell in general developmental physiology the study of functional changes that occur as an organism develops and pathological physiology the study of the functional changes that occur as organs age or become diseased objective b to describe the basic characteristics of living organisms and to list the physical requirements for life su rvey metabolism ability to build and break down complex molecules responsiveness detection and certain characteristics distinguish living things from nonliving things these characteristics include reaction to changes movement motion of the whole organism or portions of the organism growth increase in physical structure differentiation development from a generalized structure to a more specialized one and reproduction ability to produce offspring 1.3 to demonstrate that humans exhibit the characteristics of life we breathe eat and digest food excrete body wastes locomote and reproduce our own kind as do other animals being composed of organic materials we decompose in death as other animals chiefly microorganisms consume our flesh the processes by which our bodies produce store and utilize energy are similar to those used by all living organisms the same genetic code that regulates our development is found throughout nature the fundamental patterns of development observed in many animals are also seen in the formation of the human embryo 1[close]
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2 chapter 1 introduction to the human body what are the basic physical requirements for the survival of an organism water for a variety of metabolic processes food to supply energy raw materials for building new living matter and chemicals necessary for vital reactions oxygen to release energy from food materials heat to promote chemical reactions and pressure to allow breathing 1.4 objective c su to describe the levels of organization of the human body the chemical and cellular levels are respectively the basic structural and functional levels each rvey level of body organization fig 1.1 represents an association of units from the preceding level although the cells in the adult body number in the trillions there are only a few hundred specific kinds figure 1.1 levels of body organization the chemical cellular and tissue levels are microscopic whereas the organ system and organismic levels are macroscopic 1.5 how are similar cells bound together similar cells are uniformly spaced and bound together as tissue by nonliving matrix which the cells secrete matrix varies in composition from one tissue to another and may take the form of a liquid semisolid or solid blood tissue for example has a liquid matrix whereas bone cells are bound by a solid matrix not all similar cells however have a binding matrix secretory cells for instance are solitary amid a tissue of cells of another kind 1.6 define the term tissue and explain why the study of tissues is important a tissue is an aggregation of similar cells bound by supporting matrix that performs a specific function histology is the microscopic science concerned with the study of tissues pathology is the medical science concerned with the study of diseased tissues tissues are described in chapter 4 1.7 list the four principal types of tissues and describe the functions of each epithelial tissue epithelium covers body and organ surfaces lines body cavities and lumina hollow portions of body tubes and forms various glands epithelial tissue is involved with protection absorption excretion and secretion connective tissue binds supports and protects body parts muscle tissue contracts to produce movement of body parts and permit locomotion nervous tissue initiates and transmits nerve impulses that coordinate body activities.[close]
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chapter 1 introduction to the human body 1.8 use an example to define the term organ and describe the function of that organ 3 a bone such as the femur is an organ because it is composed of several tissue types that are integrated to perform a particular function the components of the femur include bone tissue nervous tissue vascular blood tissue and cartilaginous tissue at a joint not only does the femur as part of the skeletal system help to maintain body support it also serves the muscular system by providing a place of attachment for muscles and the circulatory system by producing blood cells in the bone marrow vital body organs are those that are essential for critical body functions examples are the heart in pumping blood the liver in processing foods and breaking down worn blood cells the kidneys in filtering blood the lungs in exchanging respiratory gases and the brain in controlling and correlating body functions the reproductive organs are not vital body organs nor are the organs within the appendages death of a person occurs when one or more of the vital body organs fails in its function 1.9 define the term system as it applies to body organization a system is an organization of two or more organs and associated structures working as a unit to perform a common function or set of functions for example the flow of blood through the body in the case of the circulatory system some organs serve more than one body system the pancreas serves the digestive system in production and secretion of digestive chemicals pancreatic juice and the endocrine system in the production of hormones chemical messengers insulin and glucagon the basic structure and function of each of the body systems is presented in figs 1.2 through fig 1.11 with the exception of the reproductive system all of the organs that make up the body systems are formed within the 6-week embryonic period from the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week of prenatal development not only are the vital body organs and systems formed during this time but many of them become functional for example 25 days after conception the heart is pumping blood through the circulatory system the organs of the reproductive system form between 10 and 12 weeks after conception but they do not mature and become functional until a person goes through puberty at about age 12 or 13 definition the integument skin and structures derived from it hair nails and oil sweat glands functions protects the body regulates body temperature eliminates wastes and receives certain stimuli tactile temperature and pain figure 1.2 integumentary system definition bones cartilage and ligaments which steady the bones at the joints functions provides body support and protection permits movement and leverage produces blood cells hematopoiesis and stores minerals figure 1.3 skeletal system.[close]
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4 chapter 1 introduction to the human body definition skeletal muscles of the body and their tendinous attachments functions effects body movements maintains posture and produces body heat figure 1.4 muscular system definition brain spinal cord nerves and sensory organs such as the eye and the ear functions detects and responds to changes in internal and external environments enables reasoning and memory and regulates body activities figure 1.5 nervous system definition the hormone-producing glands functions controls and integrates body functions via hormones secreted into the bloodstream figure 1.6 endocrine system definition the body organs that render ingested foods absorbable functions mechanically and chemically breaks down foods for cellular use and eliminates undigested wastes figure 1.7 digestive system.[close]
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