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lpi linux certification in a nutshell

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lpi linux certification in a nutshell third edition adam haeder stephen addison schneiter bruno gomes pessanha and james stanger beijing · cambridge · farnham · köln · sebastopol · taipei · tokyo

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lpi linux certification in a nutshell third edition by adam haeder stephen addison schneiter bruno gomes pessanha and james stanger copyright © 2010 adam haeder stephen addison schneiter bruno gomes pessanha and james stanger all rights reserved printed in the united states of america published by o reilly media inc 1005 gravenstein highway north sebastopol ca 95472 o reilly books may be purchased for educational business or sales promotional use online editions are also available for most titles http my.safaribooksonline.com for more information contact our corporate/institutional sales department 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com editor andy oram production editor adam zaremba copyeditor genevieve d entremont proofreader jennifer knight printing history may 2001 july 2006 june 2010 first edition second edition third edition indexer jay marchand cover designer karen montgomery interior designer david futato illustrator robert romano nutshell handbook the nutshell handbook logo and the o reilly logo are registered trademarks of o reilly media inc lpi linux certification in a nutshell the image of a bull and related trade dress are trademarks of o reilly media inc many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks where those designations appear in this book and o reilly media inc was aware of a trademark claim the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps while every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein tm this book uses repkovertm a durable and flexible lay-flat binding isbn 978-0-596-80487-9 [m 1276182761

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table of contents preface xiii 1 lpi exams 1 2 exam 101 study guide 5 exam preparation 5 3 system architecture topic 101.1 7 objective 1 determine and configure hardware settings bios usb topology usb controllers usb devices usb drivers usb hotplug reporting your hardware manipulating modules device management definitions 7 7 10 10 11 11 12 12 14 20 4 change runlevels and shut down or reboot system topics 101.2 and 101.3 21 objective 2 boot the system boot-time kernel parameters introduction to kernel module configuration objective 3 change runlevels and shut down or reboot system single-user mode overview of the /etc directory tree and the init process 21 21 22 24 25 26 v

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setting the default runlevel determining your system s runlevel 28 28 5 linux installation and package management topic 102 33 objective 1 design a hard disk layout system considerations swap space general guidelines objective 2 install a boot manager lilo grub objective 3 manage shared libraries shared library dependencies linking shared libraries objective 4 use debian package management debian package management overview managing debian packages objective 5 use red hat package manager rpm rpm overview running rpm yum overview 34 34 37 38 38 39 41 44 44 45 46 46 47 52 52 53 58 6 gnu and unix commands topic 103 63 objective 1 work on the command line the interactive shell command history and editing manpages objective 2 process text streams using filters objective 3 perform basic file management filesystem objects file-naming wildcards file globbing objective 4 use streams pipes and redirects standard i/o and default file descriptors pipes redirection using the tee command the xargs command objective 5 create monitor and kill processes processes process monitoring signaling active processes terminating processes shell job control objective 6 modify process execution priorities nice objective 7 search text files using regular expressions 64 65 71 75 77 91 91 100 102 102 103 104 106 106 107 107 108 115 117 118 120 120 123 vi table of contents

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regular expression syntax using grep using sed examples objective 8 perform basic file editing operations using vi invoking vi vi basics 123 125 127 130 135 135 135 7 devices linux filesystems and the filesystem hierarchy standard topic 104 139 objective 1 create partitions and filesystems disk drives under linux objective 2 maintain the integrity of filesystems monitoring free disk space and inodes monitoring disk usage modifying a filesystem checking and repairing filesystems objective 3 control filesystem mounting and unmounting managing the filesystem table mounting filesystems unmounting filesystems objective 4 set and view disk quotas quota limits quota commands enabling quotas objective 5 manage file permissions and ownership linux access control setting access modes setting up a workgroup directory objective 6 create and change hard and symbolic links why links objective 7 find system files and place files in the correct location datatypes the root filesystem locating files 140 140 151 151 153 154 157 161 161 163 166 167 168 169 175 176 176 181 186 187 188 192 193 194 200 8 exam 101 review questions and exercises 205 system architecture topic 101 review questions exercises linux installation and package management topic 102 review questions exercises gnu and unix commands topic 103 review questions exercises 205 205 206 206 206 207 208 208 208 table of contents vii

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devices linux filesystems and the filesystem hierarchy standard topic 104 review questions exercises 211 211 212 9 exam 101 practice test 215 questions answers 215 226 10 exam 101 highlighter s index 229 system architecture objective 101.1 determine and configure hardware settings objective 101.2 boot the system objective 101.3 change runlevels and shut down or reboot system linux installation and package management objective 102.1 design hard disk layout objective 102.2 install a boot manager objective 102.3 manage shared libraries objective 102.4 use debian package management objective 102.5 use red hat package manager rpm gnu and unix commands objective 103.1 work on the command line objective 103.2 process text streams using filters objective 103.3 perform basic file management objective 103.4 use streams pipes and redirects objective 103.5 create monitor and kill processes objective 103.6 modify process execution priorities objective 103.7 search text files using regular expressions objective 103.8 perform basic file editing operations using vi devices linux filesystems and the filesystem hierarchy standard objective 104.1 create partitions and filesystems objective 104.2 maintain the integrity of filesystems objective 104.3 control filesystem mounting and unmounting objective 104.4 set and view disk quotas objective 104.5 manage file permissions and ownership objective 104.6 create and change hard and symbolic links objective 104.7 find system files and place files in the correct location 229 229 230 230 230 230 231 231 232 232 232 232 233 235 237 238 239 239 241 243 243 244 244 246 246 248 248 11 exam 102 overview 251 12 exam 102 study guide 253 exam preparation 253 viii table of contents

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13 shells scripting and data management topic 105 255 objective 1 customize and use the shell environment an overview of shells the bash shell objective 2 customize or write simple scripts script files basic bash scripts objective 3 sql data management accessing a mysql server database overview aggregate functions multitable queries 256 256 257 267 267 272 285 285 287 292 293 14 the x window system topic 106 297 an overview of x objective 1 install and configure x11 selecting and configuring an x server x fonts controlling x applications with .xresources objective 2 set up a display manager configuring xdm x terminals configuring kdm configuring gdm objective 3 accessibility 298 298 299 306 308 308 308 311 311 314 316 15 administrative tasks topic 107 319 objective 1 manage user and group accounts and related system files user accounts and the password file groups and the group file the shadow password and shadow group systems user and group management commands objective 2 automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs using cron using at controlling user access to cron and at objective 3 localization and internationalization 319 320 321 322 323 326 326 329 330 330 16 essential system services topics 108.1 and 108.2 333 objective 1 maintain system time ntp concepts the ntp software package components the hardware clock 333 334 334 339 table of contents ix

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time zones objective 2 system logging configuring syslogd client/server logging logfile rotation examining logfiles 340 341 341 343 343 344 17 mail transfer agent mta basics topic 108.3 347 objective 3 mail transfer agent mta basics configuration of sendmail configuration of postfix configuration of qmail configuration of exim 347 348 351 353 354 18 manage printers and printing topic 108.4 355 objective 4 manage printers and printing an overview of printing bsd and system v interfaces lprng cups troubleshooting general printing problems the error logfile the page logfile the access logfile using the cups-config utility for debugging 355 355 356 356 357 365 365 366 366 366 19 networking fundamentals topic 109.1 369 objective 1 fundamentals of internet protocols network addressing masks protocols services utilities 369 370 372 374 376 377 20 basic network configuration topics 109.2 and 109.4 383 objective 2 basic network configuration and objective 4 configuring client side dns network interfaces dhcp a standard linux network configuration 383 384 390 393 21 basic network troubleshooting topic 109.3 395 objective 3 basic network troubleshooting 395 x table of contents

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22 security topic 110.1 405 objective 1 perform security administration tasks the insecurity of suid user ids and passwords shadow passwords setting limits on users querying system services 405 406 411 414 418 422 23 set up host security topic 110.2 431 objective 2 set up host security the super-server security with tcp_wrappers 431 431 437 24 securing data with encryption topic 110.3 441 objective 3 securing data with encryption using secure shell ssh installation and configuration dsa and rsa overview generating and using keys the server public and private key ssh-agent other ssh tricks ssh port forwarding configuring openssh configuring and using gnu privacy guard gpg generating a key pair importing a public key to a gpg keyring signing keys listing keys export both a public and private key encrypting a file troubleshooting files in the gnupg directory 442 442 443 444 444 447 447 449 450 450 451 451 453 453 453 454 454 454 25 exam 102 review questions and exercises 457 shells scripting and data management topic 105 review questions exercises the x window system topic 106 review questions exercises administrative tasks topic 107 review questions exercises essential system services topic 108 review questions 457 457 458 458 458 458 459 459 459 460 460 table of contents xi

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exercises networking fundamentals topic 109 review questions exercises security topic 110 review questions exercises 460 461 461 462 462 462 463 26 exam 102 practice test 465 questions answers 465 473 27 exam 102 highlighter s index 475 shells scripting and data management objective 105.1 customize and use the shell environment objective 105.2 customize or write simple scripts objective 105.3 sql data management the x window system objective 106.1 install and configure x11 objective 106.2 set up a display manager objective 106.3 accessibility administrative tasks objective 107.1 manage user and group accounts and related system files objective 107.2 automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs objective 107.3 localization and internationalization essential system services objective 108.1 maintain system time objective 108.2 system logging objective 108.3 mail transfer agent mta basics objective 108.4 manage printers and printing networking fundamentals objective 109.1 fundamentals of internet protocols objective 109.2 basic network configuration objective 109.3 basic network troubleshooting objective 109.4 configuring client side dns security objective 110.1 perform security administration tasks objective 110.2 set up host security objective 110.3 securing data with encryption 475 475 476 476 477 477 477 477 477 477 478 479 480 480 480 481 481 482 482 483 484 484 484 484 485 485 index 487 xii table of contents

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preface certification of professionals is a time-honored tradition in many fields including medicine and law as small computer systems and networks proliferated over the last decade novell and microsoft produced extremely popular technical certification products for their respective operating system and network technologies these two programs are often cited as having popularized a certification market for products that had previously been highly specialized and relatively rare these programs have become so popular that a huge training and preparation industry has formed to service a constant stream of new certification candidates certification programs offered by vendors such as sun and hewlett-packard have existed in the unix world for some time however since solaris and hp-ux aren t commodity products those programs don t draw the crowds that the pc platform does linux however is different linux is both a commodity operating system and is pc-based and its popularity continues to grow at a rapid pace as linux deployment increases so too does the demand for qualified and certified linux system administrators a number of programs such as the linux professional institute lpi the red hat certified engineer rhce program and comptia s linux have formed to service this new market each of these programs seeks to provide objective measurements of a linux administrator s skills but they approach the problem in different ways the rhce program requires that candidates pass multiple exam modules including two hands-on and one written whose goals are to certify individuals to use their brand of products the linux program requires a single exam and is focused at entry-level candidates with six months experience lpi s program is a job-based certification and currently consists of three levels this book focuses on the most basic level xiii

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