Embed or link this publication
Popular Pages
p. 7
totemism j g frazer m.a fellow of trinity college cambridge and of the middle temple barrister at-law edinburgh adam charles black mdccclxxxvii.[close]
p. 9
note sixce the late j f m lcnnan first pointed out the importance of totemism for the early history of society various writers have treated of the subject and added to his materials but no one i believe has tried to collect and classify all present known the main facts so far as they are at accordingly when the editors of the new edition of the encyclopaedia britannica did me the honour of asking me to write the article totemism i had to do the work of collection and classification for myself with very little materials grew under only a selection of limits of my predecessors the hand till it became clear that them could be given within the help from my an encyclopaedia article i venture to put forth my full collection of facts it totemism in the hope that labours of those may however bearing on savage help to lighten the in the who are working same field the question of the traces of totemism among the civilised races of antiquity i have collected a certain on amount of evidence i publication but it is still too fragmentary for hope at a future time to examine the evidence fully i regret that mr andrew lang s myth ritual and religion did not reach me till after my little work was passed for the press a comprehensive work on tattooing by mr w joest is just announced by messrs asher and g co of berlin james wth october 1887 frazer.[close]
p. 11
contents totem from defined p.l fetich 2 orthography of totem 1 sq totem distinguished kinds of totems clan totem sex totem indi vidual totem 2 i religious and social sides of totemism 2 sq clan totems 2-51 57-82 religious side of totemism descent from the totem 3-7 marks of respect for the totem 7-11 split totems 10 totem taboos 11-13 cross totems cross-split totems 13 sq totem animal kept in captivity 14 dead totem mourned and buried 14 sq totem not spoken of directly 15 effects of acting disrespectfully to totem 16-18 of appeasing offended totem 18 australian food taboos 18 sq diminished respect for totem 19 sq samoan mode totem respects the clansman 20 totem tests of kinship 20 sq totem ordeals and oaths 21 sq totem cures 22 sq totem omens 23 sq putting pressure on totem 24 inanimate totems 24-26 assimilation of a man to his totem by wearing skin &c of totem 26 sq by by knocking out dressing hair in imitation of totem 27 or filing teeth 27 sq by nose-sticks 28 by tatooing totem carved or painted on birth ceremonies huts canoes grave-posts &c 30-32 32 sq marriage ceremonies 83-36 death ceremonies 36 sq initiation ceremonies at puberty 38-47 social side of these ceremonies 38-40 totem dances at initiaother animal dances 40-42 tion 39 sq religious side of initiation ceremonies 42-47 food prohibitions 42-45 admission to life of clan by blood-smearing &c 45 sq new birth 47 totem killed as resurrection 46 sq 28 sq by painting 30 piacular sacrifice 48 sq sq religious associations of north american indians 49[close]
p. 12
v311 contents sex totems 51-53 individual totems 53-56 social side of totemism blood feud 57 sq exogamy and endogamy 58-69 phratries in america 60-64 fusion of origin of phratries and of split totems 62-64 ii iii clans 64 tribal phratries in australia 64-67 equivalence of subdivisions throughout australia 67-69 australian traditions as to origin of tribal subdivisions 69 rules of descent 69-79 female and male descent in indirect australia america africa and india 69-72 female and male descent in australian subphratries 7274 sons take totem from father daughters from mother 74 sq transition from female to male descent transference of children or of wife 76-79 cannibalism 79-81 and children to husband s clan arrangement of totem clans in camp village and graveyard 81 sq iv subi hratric and phratric totems 82-84 v subtotems 85-87 subtotems clan totems subphratric and phratric totems how related to each other 87 transformation of totems into anthropomorphic gods with animal attributes 87-90 transformation of totem clans into local clans 90 sq geographical diffusion of totemism 91-95 origin of totemism 95 influence of totemism on animals and plants 95 sq literature of totemism 96 addendum 47 of killing a youth at puberty in order that he may be born anew from his totem the wolf is probably the meaning of a ceremony described in adventures and 37 the pretence sufferings of john b jewitt edin 1^24 p 135 sq cf 47 on initiation as a new birth see also a bastian psychologic zur naturwissenschaftlichen bchandlungswcise der p 128 sq.[close]
p. 13
totemism a totem is a class of material objects which a savage re gards with superstitious respect believing that there exists between him and every member of the class an intimate and altogether special relation the name is derived from an ojibway chippeway word totem the correct of which is somewhat uncertain it was first spelling introduced into literature so far as appears by j long an indian interpreter of last century who spelt it totam 1 the form toodaim is given by the kev peter jones himself an ojibway 2 dodaim by warren 3 and as an alterna 4 by morgan and ododam by 5 francis assikinack an ottawa indian according to the abbe thavenet 6 the word is properly ote in the sense of tive pronunciation to totem family or tribe possessive otem and with the personal pronoun nind otem voyages 1791 2 1 my tribe idt otem thy tribe interpreter p 86 in and travels of an indian london history of the ojebway indians london 1861 p 138 3 history of the ojibways in collections of the minnesota historical society vol v st paul minn 1885 p 34 4 ancient society p 165 5 see academy 27th sept 1884 p 203 6 in j a cuoq s lexique de la langue algonquine montreal 1886 p 312 thavenet admits that the indians use ote in the sense of mark limited apparently to a family mark but argues that the word must mean family or tribe.[close]
p. 14
2 totemism 1 english the spelling totem keating james schoolcraft the connexion &c has become established by custom between a man and his totem is mutually beneficent the totem protects the man and the man shows his respect for the totem in various ways by not killing it if it be an animal and not cutting or gathering it if it be a plant as distinguished from a fetich a totem is never an iso lated individual but always a class of objects generally a species of animals or of plants more rarely a class of inanimate natural objects very rarely a class of objects artificial considered in relation to men totems are of at least three kinds 1 the clan totem common to a whole clan and passing by inheritance from generation 2 the sex totem to generation common either to all the males or to all the females of a tribe to the exclusion in either case of the other sex single 3 the individual totem belonging to a individual of other kinds and not passing to totems exist and will be his descendants noticed but they may the perhaps be regarded as varieties of the clan totem latter is by far the we speak reference of totems or most important of all and where totemism without qualification the is always to the clan totem the clan totem the clan totem is reverenced by a body of men and women who call themselves by the name of the totem believe themselves to be of one blood de scendants of a common ancestor by common 1 obligations to each other and are bound together and by a common expedition to itasca lake new york 1834 p 146 &c petitot todem in his monographic des dene-dindjie p 40 but he writes otemisme in his traditions indiennes du canada nord-ouest spells it p 446.[close]
p. 15
totemism faith in the totem 3 religious totemismis thus both a its and a social system relations of in religious aspect it consists of the and his mutual respect and protection between a man totem in its social aspect it consists of the rela tions of the clansmen to each other clans and to men of other sides in the later history of social totemism these two the religious and the social tend to part company the system sometimes survives the religious and on the other hand religion sometimes bears traces of totemism in countries where the social system based on totemism has disappeared how in the origin of it is totemism these in our ignorance two sides were related to each other of that origin impossible to say with certainty but on the whole the evidence points strongly to the conclusion that the two sides were originally inseparable that in other words the farther find that the we go back the more we should clansman regards himself and his totem as same species and the less he distinguishes between conduct towards his totem and towards his fellowbeings of the clansmen for the sake of exposition however it is conreli venient to separate the two gious side we begin with the totemism as a religion or and his totem the members the relation between a man them of a totem clan call selves by the name of their totem and commonly believe it themselves to be actually descended from thus the turtle clan turtle which burdened of the iroquois are descended from a fat by the weight of its shell in walking con trived by great exertions to throw it off and thereafter gradually 1 the bear and wolf clans of the iroquois developed into a man 1 second annual report of the bureau of ethnology washington 1883 p 77.[close]
Comments
no comments yet