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status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups nces 2010-015 u.s department of education

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status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups july 2010 susan aud national center for education statistics mary ann fox angelina kewalramani education statistics services institute ­ american institutes for research nces 2010-015 u.s department of education

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u.s department of education arne duncan secretary institute of education sciences john q easton director national center for education statistics stuart kerachsky deputy commissioner the national center for education statistics nces is the primary federal entity for collecting analyzing and reporting data related to education in the united states and other nations it fulfills a congressional mandate to collect collate analyze and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the united states conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems and review and report on education activities in foreign countries nces activities are designed to address high-priority education data needs provide consistent reliable complete and accurate indicators of education status and trends and report timely useful and high-quality data to the u.s department of education the congress the states other education policymakers practitioners data users and the general public unless specifically noted all information contained herein is in the public domain we strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences you as our customer are the best judge of our success in communicating information effectively if you have any comments or suggestions about this or any other nces product or report we would like to hear from you please direct your comments to national center for education statistics institute of education sciences u.s department of education 1990 k street nw washington dc 20006-5651 july 2010 the nces world wide web home page address is http nces.ed.gov the nces world wide web publications and products address is http nces.ed.gov/pubsearch suggested citation aud s fox m and kewalramani a 2010 status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups nces 2010-015 u.s department of education national center for education statistics washington dc u.s government printing office for ordering information on this report write to ed pubs u.s department of education p.o box 22207 alexandria va 22304 or call toll free 1-877-4ed-pubs or order online at http www.edpubs.gov content contact susan aud 202 219-7013 susan.aud@ed.gov

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highlights status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups examines the educational progress and challenges of students in the united states by race/ethnicity this report shows that over time the numbers of students of each race/ethnicity who have completed high school and continued their education in college have increased despite these gains the rate of progress has varied and differences persist among whites blacks hispanics asians native hawaiians or other pacific islanders american indians alaska natives and students of two or more races in their performance on key indicators of educational performance demographics between 1980 and 2008 the racial/ethnic composition of the united states shifted the white population declined from 80 percent of the total population to 66 percent the hispanic population increased from 6 percent of the total to 15 percent the black population remained at about 12 percent and the asian/pacific islander population increased from less than 2 percent of the total population to 4 percent in 2008 american indians/alaska natives made up about 1 percent and people of two or more races made up about 1 percent of the population indicator 1 in 2007 about 14 percent of the u.s population was born outside of the united states this included the approximately 69 percent of asians and 44 percent of hispanics who were foreign born indicator 2 in 2007 across all racial/ethnic groups except blacks and american indians/alaska natives the majority of children under 18 lived with married parents about 34 percent of black children under 18 lived with married parents and 56 percent of black children lived with a female parent with no spouse present indicator 3 the percentages of children who were living in poverty were higher for blacks 34 percent american indians/alaska natives 33 percent hispanics 27 percent and native hawaiians or other pacific islanders 26 percent than for children of two or more races 18 percent asians 11 percent and whites 10 percent indicator 4 in 2008 a higher percentage of asian children 51 percent had a mother with at least a bachelor s degree than did white children 36 percent children of two or more races 31 percent black children 17 percent american indian/alaska native children 16 percent and hispanic children 11 percent indicator 5

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iv status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups preprimary elementary and secondary education participation in 2005­06 a higher percentage of white black and asian 4-year-olds participated in center-based care than did hispanic 4-yearolds indicator 6 from 2000­01 to 2007­08 the proportion of public school enrollment composed of white students decreased from 61 to 56 percent during the same period hispanic school enrollment increased from 17 to 21 percent of the total enrollment and asian pacific islander enrollment increased from 4 to 5 percent of the total the percentage of black 17 percent and american indian alaska native 1 percent students remained unchanged indicator 7.1 in 2007­08 white students were concentrated in suburban and rural areas with lower percentages in cities and towns black hispanic and asian/pacific islander students were concentrated in cities and suburban areas indicator 7.2 in 2007­08 public schools in which at least half of the enrollment was white enrolled 87 percent of all white students schools in which at least half of the enrollment was black enrolled 48 percent of all black students and schools in which at least half of the enrollment was hispanic enrolled 57 percent of all hispanic students indicator 7.4 forty-eight percent of public school 4th-graders were eligible for free or reducedprice lunches in 2009 including 77 percent of hispanic 74 percent of black 68 percent of american indian/alaska native 34 percent of asian/pacific islander and 29 percent of white 4th-graders indicator 7.5 from 1998 to 2007 the percentage of 6 to 21-year-olds who were served by the individuals with disabilities education act idea increased by less than 1 percentage point and in 2007 9 percent were served by idea fourteen percent of american indians/alaska natives in this age group were served under idea in 2007 compared with 12 percent of blacks 9 percent of hispanics 8 percent of whites and 5 percent of asians pacific islanders indicator 8.1 in 2007 about 69 percent of hispanic and 64 percent of asian elementary/secondary school students spoke a language other than english at home about 18 percent of hispanic and 17 percent of asian students spoke english with difficulty compared with 7 percent of native hawaiians or other pacific islanders 3 percent of american indians/alaska natives and 1 percent each of whites and blacks according to household reports indicator 8.2 in 2007­08 about 25 percent of secondary mathematics teachers who taught in schools with at least half black enrollment had neither a certification nor a college major in mathematics compared to 8 percent of secondary mathematics teachers who taught in schools with at least half white enrollment indicator 9.1 highlights achievement hispanic and american indian/alaska native 4-year-olds had lower rates of proficiency in letter recognition compared with 4-year-olds of other racial/ethnic groups in 2005­06 indicator 10 on the 2007 national assessment of educational progress naep reading assessment higher percentages of asian pacific islander and white 4th-graders and 8th-graders scored at or above proficient than did american indian/alaska native black and hispanic students at the same grade levels on the 2009 naep 4th and 8th grade mathematics assessment a higher percentage of asians/pacific islanders scored at or above proficient than did 4th and 8th-graders of all other races/ethnicities shown indicator 11 on the 2007 trends in international mathematics and science study timss asians in the united states scored higher in mathematics at both the 4th and 8thgrade levels than students of any other race ethnicity in the united states in 4th-grade mathematics asians in the united states scored higher than students from all other participating jurisdictions except hong kong singapore and chinese taipei indicator 12

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status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups among 2005 high school graduates a lower percentage of hispanic students had completed courses in geometry algebra ii and statistics than had white black or asian/pacific islander students indicator 13.1 from 1999 to 2008 the total number of black and hispanic students taking an advanced placement ap exam more than tripled from 94,000 to 318,000 students in 2008 asians had the highest mean ap exam score 3.08 across all exams while blacks had the lowest 1.91 indicator 14 the population of sat test-takers has become more diverse in the past decade predominantly due to an increase in participation among hispanic students hispanics comprised 9 percent of test-takers in 1998 and 13 percent in 2008 while asians comprised 9 percent of test-takers in 1998 and 11 percent in 2008 white students scored higher than any other racial/ethnic group on the critical reading portion of the exam in 2008 while asian students had the highest average scores on the mathematics portion indicator 15.1 in 2008 black students were 14 percent of act test-takers compared with 11 percent in 1998 and hispanic students were 9 percent compared with 6 percent in 1998 nearly one-third of asian act test-takers met the college readiness benchmark established by act on all four exams compared to 3 percent of black test-takers indicator 15.2 was the case for white hispanic or asian elementary/secondary students additionally a higher percentage of black 6th through 12th-grade students had been suspended 43 percent from school at some point than was the case for students of any other race/ethnicity indicator 17 between 1997 and 2007 the percentage of 16 to 24-year-olds who were high school status dropouts1 decreased from 11 percent to 9 percent in 2007 the status dropout rate was higher among hispanics 21 percent than among blacks 8 percent asians pacific islanders 6 percent and whites 5 percent indicator 18.1 of the students who entered high school in the 2003­04 school year 74 percent graduated within 4 years including 91 percent of asians 80 percent of whites 62 percent of hispanics 61 percent of american indians alaska natives and 60 percent of blacks indicator 18.2 v highlights student behaviors in 2007 parents of asian high school students reported that their children spent the most hours per week on homework 10 hours on average of the students ages 16 years and older who were employed higher percentages of black and hispanic students reported that they worked more than 20 hours per week 50 and 54 percent respectively than white students 35 percent although the percentage of white students who worked was higher than that of black and hispanic students indicator 19 in 2007 a higher percentage of white 18 percent children ages 12 to 17 reported drinking alcohol in the past month than did their hispanic 15 percent peers peers of two or more races 13 percent and black 10 percent and asian 8 percent peers indicator 20 between 1991 and 2005 birth rates for 15 to 19-year-old females decreased for all racial/ethnic groups however the teen persistence among 8th-graders in 2009 asians pacific islanders at 63 percent had the highest percentage of students who had no absences in the past month compared to 35 percent of american indians/alaska natives indicator 16 in 2007 a higher percentage of black elementary/secondary students had been retained in a grade 21 percent than 1 status dropouts are 16 to 24-year-olds who are not enrolled in school and who have not completed a high school program regardless of when they left school people who have received a ged are considered high school completers.

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vi status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups birth rates increased between 2005 and 2007 for whites blacks and american indians alaska natives indicator 21 in 2007 among 9th through 12th-grade students higher percentages of students of two or more races 13 percent black students 10 percent and hispanic students 9 percent reported being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property in the past 12 months than did white 7 percent and american indian/alaska native students 6 percent indicator 22 for black graduate students with females representing 71 percent of black graduate enrollment in 2008 indicator 24.2 among students enrolled in college in 2008 about 81 percent of hispanics and 79 percent of american indians/alaska natives attended public institutions higher than the percentages of whites 73 percent blacks 68 percent and asians/pacific islanders 75 percent who did so some 21 percent of white 18 percent of asian/pacific islander and 17 percent of black students attended private not-for-profit institutions while 11 percent of hispanic and 12 percent of american indian/alaska native students did so a higher percentage of black students 15 percent attended private for-profit institutions than did students of the other races/ethnicities shown ranging from 6 to 8 percent indicator 24.3 in 2007­08 some 80 percent of full-time full-year undergraduates received financial aid grants or loans black students had the highest percentage of recipients 92 percent and received the largest average amount per person 13,500 indicator 25 in 2008 females earned more degrees than males within each racial/ethnic group and black females received over twice as many degrees as black males indicator 26.1 highlights postsecondary education in 2008 about 72 percent of recent white high school completers were enrolled in college in that same year up from 50 percent in 1980 in addition the immediate transition to college rate was higher in 2007 than the rate in 1980 for blacks 56 vs 44 percent and for hispanics 62 vs 50 percent indicator 23.1 in 2008 some 44 percent of white 18to 24-year-olds were enrolled in colleges and universities while in 1980 some 28 percent were enrolled in addition approximately 32 percent of black 18 to 24-year-olds were enrolled in colleges or universities an increase of 12 percentage points from 1980 and 26 percent of hispanic 18 to 24-year-olds were enrolled an increase of 10 percentage points from 1980 indicator 23.2 between 1976 and 2008 total undergraduate fall enrollment increased for each racial ethnic group hispanics and asians/pacific islanders had the fastest rates of increase and whites had the slowest rate of increase in 2008 more females than males were enrolled as undergraduates the gender gap was largest for black undergraduates with females accounting for 64 percent of black undergraduate enrollment indicator 24.1 trends in graduate enrollments were similar to those in undergraduate enrollment in that while there were increases in the rates for all racial/ethnic groups the largest increases were for hispanics and asians/pacific islanders and the smallest increase was for whites again the largest gender gap was outcomes of education in 2008 about 29 percent of u.s adults 25 years of age or older had at least a bachelor s degree including 52 percent of asian/pacific islander adults 33 percent of white adults 20 percent of black adults 13 percent of hispanic adults and 15 percent of american indian/alaska native adults indicator 27 in 2008 the unemployment rate was higher for hispanics 8 percent blacks 9 percent american indians/alaska natives 10 percent and persons of two or more races 10 percent than it was for whites and asians 4 percent each in general lower unemployment rates were associated with higher levels of education for each racial ethnic group the unemployment rate for blacks without a high school diploma or equivalent was 22 percent compared with

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status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups 11 percent for those with a high school credential and 4 percent for those with at least a bachelor s degree indicator 28 in 2007 the median income of male workers was generally higher than that of female workers for each race/ethnicity and at each educational level median income differed by race/ethnicity for example of those with at least a bachelor s degree the median income was $71,000 for white males and $69,000 for asian males compared with $55,000 for black males and $54,000 for hispanic males for females of those with at least a bachelor s degree the median income was $54,000 for asians compared with $50,000 for whites $45,000 for blacks and $43,000 for hispanics indicator 29 vii highlights

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contents page highlights iii list of tables xi list of figures xv introduction 1 chapter 1 demographics 5 1 population and geographic distributions 6 2 nativity 10 snapshot of hispanic and asian subgroups nativity 12 3 children s living arrangements 14 4 5 children living in poverty 16 snapshot of hispanic and asian subgroups children living in poverty 18 parental education 20 chapter 2 preprimary elementary and secondary education participation 23 6 care arrangements 24 7 elementary and secondary enrollment 26 8 special needs 40 snapshot of hispanic and asian subgroups english language learners 46 9 teacher qualifications and experience 48 chapter 3 achievement 53 10 proficiency of 4-year-olds 54 11 reading and mathematics achievement 56 12 international comparisons 64 13 mathematics and science coursetaking in high school 70 14 advanced placement ap courses 76 snapshot of hispanic subgroups advanced placement 79 15 college entrance exams 80

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x status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups page contents chapter 4 persistence 89 16 absences 90 17 retention suspension and expulsion 92 18 dropout rates and graduation rates 94 snapshot of hispanic and asian subgroups dropout rate by nativity 98 snapshot dropout rates for institutionalized youth and young adults by race/ethnicity 100 chapter 5 student behaviors 103 19 after-school time use 104 20 cigarette alcohol and drug use 108 21 teenage pregnancy 110 22 safety at school 114 chapter 6 postsecondary education 117 23 college participation rates 118 24 enrollment 122 snapshot enrollment in historically black colleges and universities hispanic serving institutions and tribal colleges 130 25 financial aid 132 26 degrees awarded 134 chapter 7 outcomes of education 139 27 educational attainment 140 snapshot of hispanic and asian subgroups educational attainment 142 28 unemployment rates 144 29 median income 146 references 149 appendix a guide to sources 151

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list of tables table 1a 1b 2a 2b 2c 3 4 5 6 7.1a 7.1b 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5a 7.5b 8.1a 8.1b 8.2a 8.2b page resident population and percentage distribution by race/ethnicity selected years 1980­2008 and projections selected years 2010­2025 7 percentage distribution of the resident population by race/ethnicity region and state 2008 8 number and percentage of population in the united states by nativity and race/ethnicity 1990 2000 2005 and 2007 11 number percentage and percentage distribution of u.s population by nativity and race/ethnicity with hispanic and asian subgroups 2007 12 number percentage and percentage distribution of u.s population under age 18 by nativity and race/ethnicity with hispanic and asian subgroups 2007 13 number and percentage distribution of children under age 18 by living arrangements and race/ethnicity 2007 14 percentage of children under age 18 living in poverty by living arrangements and race/ethnicity with hispanic and asian subgroups 2007 16 percentage of children ages 6 to 18 by parent s highest level of educational attainment and child s race/ethnicity 2008 22 percentage distribution of primary type of care arrangements of children from the 2001 birth cohort at about 4 years old by race/ethnicity 2005­06 24 number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary students by region and race/ethnicity selected years 2000­01 through 2007­08 26 number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary students by region state and race/ethnicity 2007­08 28 number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary students by race/ethnicity and locale 2007­08 30 number and percentage distribution of public school enrollment in the united states and 20 largest public school districts by race/ethnicity 2007­08 33 percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary school students of each racial ethnic group by percent enrollment in school of selected racial/ethnic group 2007­08 34 percentage of public school 4th-graders eligible for free or reduced-price lunch by school locale and race/ethnicity 2009 36 percentage distribution of public school 4th-graders by percentage of students in school eligible for free or reduced-price lunch and race/ethnicity 2009 38 percentage of children ages 3 to 5 and ages 6 to 21 served under the individuals with disabilities education act idea by race/ethnicity 1998­2007 41 number and percentage of children ages 3 to 5 and ages 6 to 21 served under the individuals with disabilities education act idea by race/ethnicity and type of disability 2007 42 number and percentage of elementary and secondary school students who spoke a language other than english at home and percentage who spoke english with difficulty by grade level and race/ethnicity 2007 44 number and percentage of elementary and secondary school students who spoke a language other than english at home and percentage who spoke english with difficulty by race ethnicity with hispanic and asian subgroups 2007 46

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xii status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups table page percentage of public high school teachers with a college major and standard certification in their respective main teaching assignment in mathematics english and science by race ethnicity concentration of schools 2007­08 49 average number of years of teaching experience of regular full-time public school teachers and percentage who have less than 3 years of teaching experience by race/ethnicity concentration of school 2007­08 50 percentage of children from the 2001 birth cohort who were proficient in letter and number and shape recognition at about 4 years old by race/ethnicity 2005­06 54 percentage distribution of students at national assessment of educational progress naep reading achievement levels by race/ethnicity and grade 2005 and 2007 57 percentage distribution of students at national assessment of educational progress naep mathematics achievement levels by race/ethnicity and grade 2005 and 2009 60 average scores among 4th and 8th-graders in the united states on the trends in international mathematics and science study timss by race/ethnicity 2007 64 average scores among 4th-graders on the trends in international mathematics and science study timss by participating country and race/ethnicity in the united states 2007 66 average scores among 8th-graders on the trends in international mathematics and science study timss by participating country and race/ethnicity in the united states 2007 68 percentage of high school graduates who completed selected mathematics courses in high school by race/ethnicity 1998 2000 and 2005 71 percentage of high school graduates who completed selected science courses in high school by race/ethnicity 1998 2000 and 2005 73 number and percent change in the number of students taking advanced placement ap examinations by race/ethnicity 1999­2008 76 mean grade and percentage distribution of grades on advanced placement ap exams by subject and race/ethnicity 2008 78 number of exams taken and mean grade on advanced placement ap exams by hispanic subgroup and subject 2008 79 percentage distribution of the 12th-grade sat test-taking population by race/ethnicity 1998­2008 80 average sat scores for the 12th-grade sat test-taking population by race/ethnicity and subject selected years 1998­2008 82 percentage distribution of act test-taking population by race/ethnicity 1998­2008 84 average act scores in english and mathematics by race/ethnicity selected years 1998­2008 85 percentage of act test-taking population meeting college readiness benchmark scores by race/ethnicity 2008 86 percentage distribution of 8th-graders and percentage at or above basic on the national assessment of educational progress naep mathematics assessment by the number of days absent from school in the past month and race/ethnicity 2009 90 percentage of public school students in kindergarten through grade 12 who had ever repeated a grade by sex and race/ethnicity 2007 92 percentage of public school students in grades 6 through 12 who had ever been suspended or expelled by sex and race/ethnicity 2007 93 list of tables 9.1 9.2 10 11.1 11.2 12a 12b 12c 13a 13b 14a 14b 14c 15.1a 15.1b 15.2a 15.2b 15.2c 16 17a 17b.

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status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups table page xiii list of tables 18.1a percentage of 16 to 24-year-olds who were high school status dropouts by race/ethnicity and sex 1997­2007 97 18.1b number and percentage of 16 to 24-year-olds who were high school status dropouts by nativity and race/ethnicity with hispanic and asian subgroups 2007 99 18.1c number and percentage of institutionalized and noninstitutionalized 16 to 24-year-olds who were high school status dropouts by race/ethnicity 2007 100 18.2 averaged freshman graduation rate for public high school students and number of graduates by race/ethnicity school year 2006­07 102 19.1 percentage of high school students who did homework outside of school and whose parents checked that homework was done by frequency and race/ethnicity 2007 104 19.2 percentage of high school students ages 16 years and older who were employed and the percentage distribution of those who were employed by hours worked per week and race ethnicity 2008 106 20 percentage of 12 to 17-year-olds and 18 to 25-year-olds who reported using alcohol cigarettes or marijuana in past month by race/ethnicity 2007 108 21a number of live births per 1,000 females ages 15 to 19 by race/ethnicity selected years 1990­2007 110 21b number of live births per 1,000 females ages 15 to 19 by hispanic ethnicity 1990­2007 112 22a percentage of students in grades 9 through 12 who reported that they were threatened or injured with a weapon on school property carried a weapon to school engaged in a physical fight on school property or reported that drugs were made available to them on school property by race/ethnicity 2007 114 22b percentage of students ages 12 to 18 who reported that gangs were present at school by race/ethnicity 2007 115 23.1 percentage of high school completers who were enrolled in 2 or 4-year colleges the october immediately following high school completion by race/ethnicity selected years 1980­2008 118 23.2 percentage of 18 to 24-year-olds enrolled in colleges and universities by race/ethnicity and sex selected years 1980­2008 121 24.1 total number total percentage distribution and percent female of undergraduate fall enrollment in degree-granting institutions by race/ethnicity selected years 1976­2008 123 24.2 total number total percentage distribution and percent female of graduate postbaccalaureate fall enrollment in degree-granting institutions by race/ethnicity selected years 1976­2008 125 24.3 number and percentage distribution of u.s citizen enrollment in degree-granting institutions by race/ethnicity and institutional type 2008 128 24.4 fall enrollment in degree-granting institutions that are historically black colleges and universities in institutions that serve large proportions of hispanic students and in tribally controlled institutions by selected race/ethnicity 2007 130 percentage of full-time full-year undergraduates receiving financial aid and average amount 25 of aid by race/ethnicity and type of aid 2007­08 132 26.1 number percentage conferred on females and percentage distribution of degrees awarded by degree-granting institutions by level of degree race/ethnicity and sex 2007­08 135 26.2 percentage of degrees awarded by degree-granting institutions in the most popular fields of study by race/ethnicity and level of study 2007­08 138

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