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i usmle step 1 anatomy notes me d ica i usmle is a joint program of the federation of state medical boards of the united states inc and the national board of medical examiners kaplan[close]
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@2002 kaplan inc all rights reserved no part of this book may be reproduced in any form by photostat microfilm xerography or any other means or incorporated into any information retrieval system electronic or mechanical without the written permission of kaplan inc.[close]
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authorand executive editor david seiden ph.d professorof neuroscienceand cell biology associatedean for admissions and student affairs umdnj-robert woodjohnsonmedical school piscataway,nj contributors james a colgan ph.d visiting lecturerand course coordinator human gross anatomy division of biomedical sciences university of california riverside ca executive irector f curriculum d o richardfriedland,m.d director ofmedicalllustration i christine schaar ronald dudek ph.d professor directorof publishing and media michelle covello departmentofanatomyand cellbiology bradyschool fmedicine o east carolina university greenville,nc medical llustrators i rich larocco christine schaar james white ph.d adjunct assistant professorof neuroscienceand cell biology robert wood johnson medical school new brunswick/piscataway nj adjunct associate professor of cell biology university of medicine and dentistry of new jersey newark nj adjunct assistant professor of cell and developmental biology university of pennsylvania school of medicine philadelphia pa managing editor kathlyn mcgreevy productioneditor ruthie nussbaum productionartist michael wolff jack wilson ph.d distinguished alumni professor of anatomy and neurobiology university of tennessee health center memphis tn coverdesign joanna myllo coverart christine schaar rich larocco[close]
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preface these seven volumes of lecture notes represent a yearlong effort on the part of the kaplan medical faculty to update our curriculum to reflect the most-likely-to-be-tested material on the current usmlestep 1 exam please note that these are lecture notes not review books the notes were designed to be accompanied by faculty lectures-live on video or on the web reading these notes without accessing the accompanying lectures is not an effective way to review for the usmle to maximize the effectivenessof these notes annotate them as you listen to lectures to facilitate this process we ve created wide blank margins while these margins are occasionally punctuated by faculty high-yield margin notes they are for the most part left blank for your notations many students find that previewing the notes prior to the lecture is a very effectiveway to prepare for class this allowsyou to anticipate the areas where you ll need to pay particular attention it also affords you the opportunity to map out how the information is going to be presented and what sort of study aids charts diagrams etc you might want to add this strategy works regardless of whether you re attending a live lecture or watching one on video or the web finally,we want to hear what you think what do you like about the notes what do you think could be improved please share your feedback by e-mailingusatmedfeedback@kaplan.com thank you for joining kaplan medical and best of luck on your step 1 exam kaplan medical kaplalf me il lea i vii[close]
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n nn nn table contents of preface vii section histologyand cytology i chapter 1 cellcomponents 3 chapter2 nervous issue 25 t chapter3 muscle tissue 33 chapter4 lymphoid organs 41 chapter5 integument 45 chapter6 respiratory system 49 chapter 7 gastrointestinal system 55 chapter8 renal/urinary system 65 chapter9 malereproductive system 73 chapter10:female reproductive system 79 sedion ii earlyembryology chapter1:gonad development 95 chapter2 week1:beginning f development o 101 chapter3 week formation 2 ofthe bilaminar mbryo 103 e chapter 4 embryonicperiodweeks3-8 105 me kaplan d ica i v[close]
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sedion iii grossanatomyand organogenesis chapter back 1 andnervous system 113 chapter thorax 127 2 chapter abdomen 3 pelvis andperineum 167 chapter upperlimb 233 4 chapter lowerlimb 249 5 chapter 6 head and neck 263 sedioniv neuroscience chapter 1:peripheral nervous system 307 chapter 2 central nervous system 315 chapter3 theventricularsystem 323 chapter4 the spinal cord chapter 5 the brain 327 stem 355 chapter6 the cerebellum 399 chapter7 visualpathways 407 chapter diencephalon 419 8 chapter basal anglia 425 9 g chapter 10:cerebral cortex 433 chapter 11:thelimbic system 455 vi kaplan me ii lea i[close]
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cellcomponents nucleus the nucleus figure 1-1-1 is the site of deoxyribonucleic acid dna replication and transcription of dna into precursor ribonucleic acid rna molecules it contains all of the enzymes required for replication and repair of newly synthesized dna as well as for transcription and processing of precursor rna molecules it is enclosed by the nuclear envelope and contains the nuclear lamina nucleolus and chromatin nuclearenvelope the nuclear envelope is a double membrane containing pores that are approximately 90 nm in diameter the outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum nuclearlamina the nuclear lamina is a latticelike network of proteins that include lamins lamins attach chromatin to the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope and participate in the breakdown and reformation of the nuclear envelope during the cell cycle phosphorylation of the lamina by lamin kinase during prophase of mitosis initiates nuclear disassembly into small vesicles nucleolus the nucleolus is responsible for ribosomal rna rrna synthesis and ribosome assembly.it contains three morphologically distinct zones granular zone-found at the periphery contains ribosomal precursor particles in 0 various stages of assembly 0 fibrillar zone-centrally fibrillar center-contains located contains ribonuclear protein fibrils dna that is not being transcribed 0 chromatin chromatin is a complex of dna histone proteins and nonhistone proteins 0 dna-a double-stranded helical molecule that carries the genetic information of the cell it exists in three conformations b dna z dna and a dna histone proteins-positively charged proteins enriched with lysine and arginine residues they are important in forming two types of structures in chromatin nucleosomes and solenoid fibers the nucleosomes are the basic repeating units of the chromatin fiber having a diameter of approximately 10 nm 0 0 nonhistone proteins-include enzymes involved in nuclear functions such as replica tion transcription dna repair and regulation of chromatin function they are acidic or neutral proteins iiie&ical 3[close]
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usmlestep1 anatomy forms chromatin of heterochromatin-highly condensed 30-nm solenoid fibers or higher states of condensation and transcriptionally inactive in a typical eukaryotic cell approximately 10 of the chromatin is heterochromatin almost the entire inactive x chromosome barr body in each somatic cell in a woman is condensed into heterochromatin euchromatin a more extended form of dna which is potentially transcriptionally active in a typical cell euchromatin accounts for approximately 90 of the total chromatin although only about 10 is being activelytranscribed in the lo-nm fiber of nucleosomes golgi apparatus nucleus smooth endoplasmic reticulum ser rough endoplasmic reticulum rer figure 1-1-1 4 meclical[close]
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m n cell components cytoplasm ribosomes ribosomes are composed of rrnaand protein they consist oflarge 60sand small 405 subunits ribosomes are assembled in the nucleus and transported to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores the large ribosomal subunits are synthesizedin the nucleolus whereas the small subunits are synthesizedin the nucleus polysomes-ribosomes often form polysomes which consist of a single messenger rna mrna that is being translated by several ribosomes at the same time the ribosomes move on the mrna from the 5 end toward the 3 end the two ribosomal subunits associate on the mrna with the small subunit binding first formsof ribosomes ribosomes exist in two forms somes or mitochondria.site of synthesis for proteins destined for the nucleus peroxifree polysomes are the membrane-associated polysomes are the site of synthesis of secretory proteins membrane proteins and lysosomal enzymes endoplasmic eticulum r the endoplasmic reticulum exists in two forms rough endoplasmic reticulum rer and smooth endoplasmic reticulum ser rough endoplasmic reticulum rer is a single lipid bilayer continuous with the outer nuclear membrane it is organized into stacks of large flattened sacs called cisternae that are studded with ribosomes on the cytoplasmic side figure 1-1-2 rer synthesizesproteins that are destined for the golgi apparatus secretion the plasma membrane and lysosomes.reris very prominent in cellsthat are specializedin the synthesis of proteins destined for secretion e.g pancreatic acinar cells kaplan me d ica i 5[close]
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usmle~epl:anmomy copyright 2000 gold standard multimedia inc all rights reserved figure 1-1-2 rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum seris a network of membranous sacs,vesicles,and tubules continuous with the rer,but lacking ribosomes figure 1-1-3 ser contains enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of phospholipids triglycerides and sterols image copyright 1984 lippincott williams wilkins used with permission figure 1-1-3.human corpus luteum of pregnancy 6 iiie&ical[close]
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cell components functions of ser detoxification reactions these are reactions that make compounds water soluble so that they can be excreted twotypes of reactionsthat increasesolubilityare j steroid synthesis hydroxylation reactions-by way of hydroxylase complexes containing cytochrome p450 a flavoprotein and a nonheme iron protein conjugation reactions-the transfer of polar groups i.e glucuronic acid from the active carrier udpglucuronic acid to the toxic water-insoluble molecule glycogen degradation and gluconeogenesis removal of the phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme glucose-6 phosphatase an integral membrane protein of the ser this controls the formation of free glucose from glycogen and via gluconeogenesis reactions in lipid metabolism lipolysis begins in the ser with the release of a fat!y acid from triglyceride the ser is also the site where lipoprotein particles are assembled sequestration and release of calcium~ions in striated muscle the seris known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum sr the sequestration and release of calcium ions takes place in the sr goigiapparatus the qolgi apparatus consists of disc-shaped smooth cisternae that are assembled in stacks dictyosomes having a diameter of approximately 1 lmand associated with numerous small membrane-bound vesicles figure 1-1-4 donotconfuse thegoigi apparatus withthegoigi tendon organs fthecellor o anyotheractor earing is f b h name r.camillo d goigi asa w prolific italian histologist other tructures processes s or bearing hisname include golgi s ilver tain s s fornerve cells,hecycle t ofgoigiorthe f development ofthemalaria parasite theinhibitory oigi g cells ofthecerebellum and theacroblast,partofthe a goigi aterial m ofthe spermatidnown k asthegoigi remnant goigi mitochondria figure 1-1-4 cytoplasm iiieitical 7[close]
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