p. 1

united ateshist yi n dsta tory answ werkey y:solus si.2a­4c

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p. 2

continents and oceans sol usi 2a list the seven continents south america north america europe africa australia antarctica asia list the five oceans atlantic pacific arctic indian southern europe is considered a continent even though it is not entirely surrounded by water the land mass is frequently called eurasia essential understanding continents are large land masses surrounded by water.

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p. 3

8 regions of the united states sol usi 2b 1 coastal plain located along the atlantic ocean and gulf of mexico broad lowland providing many excellent harbors 2 appalachian highlands located west of the coastal plain extending from eastern canada to western alabama includes the piedmont old eroded mountains oldest mountain range in north america 3 canadian shield wrapped around hudson bay in a horseshoe shape hills worn by erosion and hundreds of lakes carved by glaciers 4 interior lowlands -located west of the appalachian mountains and east of the great plains -rolling flatlands with many rivers valleys and grassy hills 5 great plains located west of interior lowlands and east of the rocky mountains flat land that gradually increases in elevation westward grasslands 6 rocky mountains located west of the great plains and east of the basin and range rugged mountains stretching from alaska to mexico contains the continental divide which determines the directional flow of rivers 7 basin and range located west of the rocky mountains and east of the coastal plain varying elevations containing isolated mountains ranges and death valley the lowest point in north america 8 coastal range -rugged mountains along the pacific coast with fertile valleys essential understanding regions have distinctive characteristics.

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p. 4

major bodies of water sol usi 2c major bodies of water oceans atlantic pacific rivers mississippi missouri ohio columbia colorado rio grande st lawrence lakes great lakes gulf gulf of mexico trade transportation and settlement the location of the united states with its atlantic and pacific coasts has provided access to other areas of the world the atlantic ocean served as the highway for explorers early settlers and later immigrants the ohio river was the gateway to the west inland port cities grew along the great lakes the mississippi and missouri rivers were used to transport farm and industrial products they were links to ports and other parts of the world the columbia river was explored by lewis and clark the colorado river was explored by the spanish the rio grande forms the border with mexico the pacific ocean was an early exploration destination the gulf of mexico provided the spanish and french with exploration routes to mexico and other parts of the world the st lawrence river forms part of the northeastern border with canada and connects the great lakes to the atlantic ocean essential understanding the united states has access to numerous and varied bodies of water bodies of water support interaction among regions form borders and create links to other areas.

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p. 5

key geographic features sol usi 2d geographic features o water related 1 lakes 2 rivers 3 tributaries 4 gulfs and bays o land related 1 mountains 2 hills 3 plains 4 plateaus 5 islands 6 peninsulas o geographic features are related to 1 patterns of trade 2 locations of cities and towns 3 westward frontier movement 4 agriculture and fishing industries essential understanding land and water features set the stage for and influence the course of events in united states history.

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p. 6

archaeology sol usi 3a archaeologists study human behavior and culture through the recovery and analysis of artifacts scientists are not in agreement as to when and how people entered the western hemisphere cactus hill is located on the nottoway river in southeastern virginia evidence that human lived at cactus hill as early as 15,000 years ago makes it one of the oldest sites in north america essential understanding archaeology is the recovery of material evidence remaining from the past archaeological discoveries of early indian settlements have been made in southeastern virginia.

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p. 7

5 native american tribes sol usi 3b american indians lived in all areas of north america 1 inuit inhabited present-day alaska and northern canada they lived in arctic areas where the temperature was below freezing for much of the year 2 kwakiutl homeland includes the pacific northwest coast characterized by a rainy mild climate 3 lakota people inhabited the interior of the united states called the great plains and characterized by dry grasslands 4 pueblo tribes inhabited the southwest in present-day new mexico and arizona where they lived in desert areas and areas bordering cliffs and mountains 5 iroquois homeland includes northeast north america the eastern woodland which is heavily forested members of these tribes live in their homelands and in many areas of north america today essential understanding prior to the arrival of europeans american indians were dispersed across different environments in north america.

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p. 8

3 types of resources sol usi 3c in the past american indians fished hunted and harvested crops for food clothing was made from animal skins and plants their shelter was made from resources found in their environment e.g sod stones animal skins wood types of resources natural resources come directly from nature human resources people working to produce goods and services capital resources goods produced and used to make other goods and services natural resources american indians fished in rivers hunted animals and grew crops human resources people who fished made clothing and hunted animals were examples of human resources capital resources the canoes bows and spears were examples of capital resources essential understanding geography and climate affected how various american indian groups met their basic needs resources influence what was produced and how it was produced.

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p. 9

reasons for exploration sol usi 4a regions of north america explored by spain france and england spain o francisco coronado claimed the southwest united states for spain france o samuel de champlain established the french settlement of quebec o robert la lasalle claimed the mississippi river valley england o john cabot explored eastern canada regions explored by portugal the portuguese made voyages of discovery along west africa essential understanding major european countries were in competition to extend their power into north america and claim the land as their own.

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p. 10

reasons for exploration sol usi 4a motivating forces for exploration economic gold natural resources and trade religious spread of christianity competition competition for empire and belief in superiority of own culture obstacles to exploration poor maps and navigational tools disease and starvation fear of the unknown lack of adequate supplies accomplishments of exploration exchange of goods and ideas improved navigational tools and ships claimed territories essential understanding major european countries were in competition to extend their power into north america and claim the land as their own.

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p. 11

european native american interactions sol usi 4b cultural interactions spanish o conquered and enslaved american indians o brought christianity to the new world o brought european disease french o established trading posts o spread christian religion english o established settlements and claimed ownership of land o learned farming techniques from american indians o traded with american indians american indians o taught farming techniques to european settlers o believed land was to be shared not owned essential understanding the interactions between american indians and europeans sometimes led to cooperation and other times resulted in conflict

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p. 12

africa sol usi 4c ghana mali and songhai dominated west africa one after the other from 300 to 1600 a.d ghana mali and songhai were located in the western region of africa south of the sahara desert near the niger river ghana mali songhai became powerful by controlling trade in west africa the portuguese carried goods from europe to west african empires trading metals cloth and other manufactured goods for gold essential understanding african people and african goods played an important role in increasing european interest in world resources.

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