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u.s department of education nces 2010-013 digest of education statistics 2009

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digest of education statistics 2009 april 2010 thomas d snyder national center for education statistics sally a dillow education statistics services institute american institutes for research nces 2010-013 u.s department of education

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u.s department of education arne duncan secretary institute of education sciences john q easton director national center for education statistics stuart kerachsky deputy commissioner the national center for education statistics nces is the primary federal entity for collecting analyzing and reporting data related to education in the united states and other nations it fulfills a congressional mandate to collect collate analyze and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the united states conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems and review and report on education activities in foreign countries nces activities are designed to address high-priority education data needs provide consistent reliable complete and accurate indicators of education status and trends and report timely useful and highquality data to the u.s department of education the congress the states other education policymakers practitioners data users and the general public unless specifically noted all information contained herein is in the public domain we strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences you as our customer are the best judge of our success in communicating information effectively if you have any comments or suggestions about this or any other nces product or report we would like to hear from you please direct your comments to national center for education statistics institute of education sciences u.s department of education 1990 k street nw washington dc 20006-5651 march 2010 the nces world wide web home page address is http nces.ed.gov the nces world wide web publications and products address is http nces.ed.gov/pubsearch suggested citation snyder t.d and dillow s.a 2010 digest of education statistics 2009 nces 2010-013 national center for education statistics institute of education sciences u.s department of education washington dc for ordering information on this report write to ed pubs u.s department of education p.o box 22207 alexandria va 22304 or call toll free 1-877-4ed-pubs or order online at http www.edpubs.gov content contact thomas d snyder 202 502-7452 tom.snyder@ed.gov

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foreword the 2009 edition of the digest of education statistics is the 45th in a series of publications initiated in 1962 the digest has been issued annually except for combined editions for the years 1977­78 1983­84 and 1985­86 its primary purpose is to provide a compilation of statistical information covering the broad field of american education from prekindergarten through graduate school the digest includes a selection of data from many sources both government and private and draws especially on the results of surveys and activities carried out by the national center for education statistics nces to qualify for inclusion in the digest material must be nationwide in scope and of current interest and value the publication contains information on a variety of subjects in the field of education statistics including the number of schools and colleges teachers enrollments and graduates in addition to data on educational attainment finances federal funds for education libraries and international comparisons supplemental information on population trends attitudes on education education characteristics of the labor force government finances and economic trends provides background for evaluating education data although the digest contains important information on federal education funding more detailed information on federal activities is available from federal education program offices the digest contains seven chapters all levels of education elementary and secondary education postsecondary education federal programs for education and related activities outcomes of education international comparisons of education and libraries and educational technology preceding these chapters is an introduction that provides a brief overview of current trends in american education which supplements the tabular materials in chapters 1 through 7 the digest concludes with three appendixes the first appendix guide to sources provides a brief synopsis of the surveys used to generate the digest tables the second definitions is included to help readers understand terms used in the digest and the third index of table numbers allows readers to quickly locate tables on specific topics in addition to updating many of the statistics that have appeared in previous years this edition contains new material including · 4th and 8th-grade public school students average reading scale scores and selected reading achievement-level results by specific urban district and race/ethnicity table 122 · 4th and 8th-grade public school students average reading scale scores and selected reading achievement-level results by english language learner ell status and state or jurisdiction table 124 · average arts scale score of 8th-graders percentage distribution by frequency of instruction and percentage participating in selected activities by subject and selected student and school characteristics table 126 · 4th and 8th-grade public school students average mathematics scale scores and selected mathematics achievement-level results by specific urban district and race/ethnicity table 137 · number of u.s students studying abroad and percentage distribution by sex race/ethnicity academic level host region and duration of stay table 225 · certificates conferred by postsecondary institutions participating in title iv programs by race/ethnicity and sex of student table 281 and · graduation rates of first-time postsecondary students who started as full-time degree-seeking students by sex race/ethnicity time between starting and graduating and level and control of institution where student started table 331 the digest can be accessed from http nces.ed.gov/programs digest val plisko associate commissioner early childhood international and crosscutting studies division digest of education statistics 2009 iii

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contents page foreword list of figures list of text tables list of reference tables introduction guide to tabular presentation chapter 1 all levels of education chapter 2 elementary and secondary education chapter 3 postsecondary education chapter 4 federal programs for education and related activities chapter 5 outcomes of education chapter 6 international comparisons of education chapter 7 libraries and educational technology appendix a guide to sources appendix b definitions appendix c index of table numbers iii vi vii viii 1 7 9 55 269 527 553 577 605 623 665 679 digest of education statistics 2008 v

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vi list of figures list of figures figure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 the structure of education in the united states enrollment total expenditures in constant dollars and expenditures as a percentage of the gross domestic product gdp by level of education selected years 1965­66 through 2008­09 percentage of persons 25 years old and over by highest level of educational attainment selected years 1940 through 2009 percentage of persons 25 through 29 years old by highest level of educational attainment selected years 1940 through 2009 highest level of education attained by persons 25 years old and over march 2009 enrollment number of teachers pupil/teacher ratio and expenditures in public schools 1960­61 through 2007­08 total and full-day preprimary enrollment of 3 to 5-year-olds october 1970 through october 2008 percentage change in public elementary and secondary enrollment by state fall 2000 to fall 2007 percentage of revenue for public elementary and secondary schools by source of funds 1970­71 through 2006­07 current expenditure per pupil in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools 1970­71 through 2006­07 enrollment degrees conferred and expenditures in degree-granting institutions fall 1960 through fall 2008 and 1960­61 through 2007­08 percentage change in total enrollment in degree-granting institutions by state fall 2000 through fall 2007 enrollment in degree-granting institutions by age fall 1970 through fall 2018 full-time-equivalent fte students per staff member in public and private degree-granting institutions by type of staff 1976 and 2007 bachelor s degrees conferred by degree-granting institutions in selected fields of study 1997­98 2002­03 and 2007­08 percentage distribution of total revenues of public degree-granting institutions by source of funds 2006­07 percentage distribution of total revenues of private not-for-profit degree-granting institutions by source of funds 2006­07 federal on-budget funds for education by level or other educational purpose selected years 1965 through 2009 percentage of federal on-budget funds for education by agency fiscal year 2008 department of education outlays by type of recipient fiscal year 2009 labor force participation rate of persons 20 to 64 years old by age group and highest level of education 2008 unemployment rates of persons 25 years old and over by highest level of education 2008 labor force status of 2007­08 high school dropouts and completers not enrolled in college october 2008 median annual earnings of persons 25 years old and over by highest level of education and sex 2008 average salaries of bachelor s degree recipients 1 year after graduation by field 1981 1991 and 2001 percentage change in enrollment by selected areas of the world and level of education 2000 to 2007 bachelor s degree recipients as a percentage of the population of the typical ages of graduation by country 2006 public direct expenditures on education as a percentage of the gross domestic product gdp by country 2006 percentage of all public schools and instructional rooms with internet access selected years fall 1994 through fall 2005 digest of education statistics 2009 page 11 12 13 13 14 60 61 61 62 62 273 274 274 275 275 276 276 535 536 536 554 555 555 556 556 580 581 581 606

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list of text tables vii list of text tables table a b c d e f total elementary and secondary school enrollment by overall trends selected years 1949­50 to fall 2008 number of public school staff by selected categories 1969­70 1980 and 2007 postsecondary students denied access to title iv financial aid because eligibility was suspended due to a drug-related conviction 2008­09 federal on-budget funding for education by category selected fiscal years 1965 through 2008 median annual earnings of full-time year-round workers 25 years old and over by selected levels of educational attainment and sex selected years 1995 through 2008 population and enrollment at different levels in major areas of the world 2000 and 2007 page 10 56 272 527 554 578 digest of education statistics 2009

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viii list of reference tables list of reference tables chapter 1 all levels of education enrollment teachers and schools table 1 2 3 4 5 projected number of participants in educational institutions by level and control of institution fall 2009 enrollment in educational institutions by level and control of institution selected years fall 1980 through fall 2009 enrollment in educational institutions by level and control of institution selected years 1869­70 through fall 2018 number of teachers in elementary and secondary schools and instructional staff in postsecondary degree-granting institutions by control of institution selected years fall 1970 through fall 2018 number of educational institutions by level and control of institution selected years 1980­81 through 2007­08 page 15 15 16 18 19 enrollment rates 6 7 percentage of the population 3 to 34 years old enrolled in school by sex race/ethnicity and age selected years 1980 through 2008 percentage of the population 3 to 34 years old enrolled in school by age group selected years 1940 through 2008 20 22 educational attainment 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 percentage of persons age 25 and over and 25 to 29 by race/ethnicity years of school completed and sex selected years 1910 through 2009 number of persons age 18 and over by highest level of education attained age sex and race ethnicity 2009 persons age 18 and over who hold at least a bachelor s degree in specific fields of study by sex race/ethnicity and age 2001 educational attainment of persons 18 years old and over by state 2000 and 2005­07 educational attainment of persons 25 years old and over by race/ethnicity and state 2005­07 educational attainment of persons 25 years old and over by sex and state 2005­07 educational attainment of persons 25 years old and over for metropolitan areas with more than 1 million persons by sex 2009 24 26 27 28 29 31 32 population 15 16 17 estimates of resident population by age group 1970 through 2009 estimates of resident population by race/ethnicity and age group selected years 1980 through 2009 estimated total and school-age resident populations by state selected years 1970 through 2008 33 34 35 characteristics of families with children 18 19 number and percentage distribution of family households by family structure and presence of own children under 18 selected years 1970 through 2008 number and percentage of family households with own children under 18 by age and number of children race/ethnicity and family structure 2008 36 37 digest of education statistics 2009

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list of reference tables ix 20 21 household income population poverty rates and poverty status of 5 to 17-year-olds by state 1990 2000 and 2006­08 poverty status of all persons persons in families and related children under age 18 by race ethnicity selected years 1959 through 2008 38 40 opinions on and parent involvement in education 22 23 24 average grade that the public would give the public schools in their community and in the nation at large 1974 through 2009 percentage of elementary and secondary school children whose parents were involved in school activities by selected child parent and school characteristics 1999 2003 and 2007 percentage of kindergartners through fifth-graders whose parents reported doing educationrelated activities with their children in the past month by selected child parent and school characteristics 1999 2003 and 2007 percentage of kindergartners through fifth-graders whose parents reported doing various activities with their children in the past week by selected child parent and school characteristics 1999 2003 and 2007 43 44 45 25 46 finances 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 expenditures of educational institutions related to the gross domestic product by level of institution selected years 1929­30 through 2008­09 expenditures of educational institutions by level and control of institution selected years 1899­1900 through 2008­09 amount and percentage distribution of direct general expenditures of state and local governments by function selected years 1970­71 through 2005­06 direct general expenditures of state and local governments for all functions and for education by level of education and state 2005­06 direct general expenditures per capita of state and local governments for all functions and for education by level of education and state 2005­06 gross domestic product state and local expenditures personal income disposable personal income median family income and population selected years 1929 through 2008 gross domestic product price index consumer price index education price indexes and federal budget composite deflator selected years 1919 through 2008 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 chapter 2 elementary and secondary education enrollment 33 34 35 36 37 38 historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics selected years 1869­70 through 2006­07 enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools by state or jurisdiction selected years fall 1990 through fall 2009 enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools by level grade and state or jurisdiction fall 2007 enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools by level grade and state or jurisdiction fall 2006 enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools by grade selected years fall 1980 through fall 2007 number and percentage of homeschooled students ages 5 through 17 with a grade equivalent of kindergarten through 12th grade by selected child parent and household characteristics 1999 2003 and 2007 percentage distribution of students ages 5 through 17 attending kindergarten through 12th grade by school type or participation in homeschooling and selected child parent and household characteristics 1999 2003 and 2007 digest of education statistics 2009 63 65 67 69 71 72 39 73

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x list of reference tables 40 41 42 43 44 average daily attendance in public elementary and secondary schools by state or jurisdiction selected years 1969­70 through 2006­07 percentage distribution of enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools by race ethnicity and state or jurisdiction fall 1997 and fall 2007 number and percentage of public school students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch by state 2000­01 2005­06 2006­07 and 2007­08 enrollment of 3 4 and 5-year-old children in preprimary programs by level of program control of program and attendance status selected years 1965 through 2008 number of children under 6 years old and not yet enrolled in kindergarten percentage in centerbased programs average weekly hours in nonparental care and percentage in various types of primary care arrangements by selected child and family characteristics 2005 child care arrangements of 3 to 5-year-old children who are not yet in kindergarten by age and race/ethnicity various years 1991 through 2005 percentage distribution of children at about 2 and 4 years of age by type of child care arrangement and selected child and family characteristics 2003­04 and 2005­06 percentage distribution of quality rating of child care arrangements of children at about 4 years of age by type of arrangement and selected child and family characteristics 2005­06 children of prekindergarten through second-grade age by enrollment status selected maternal characteristics and household income 1995 2001 and 2005 number of 3 to 5-year-olds not yet enrolled in kindergarten and percentage participating in home literacy activities with a family member by type and frequency of activity and selected child and family characteristics 1993 2001 and 2007 children 3 to 21 years old served under individuals with disabilities education act part b by type of disability selected years 1976­77 through 2007­08 percentage distribution of students 6 to 21 years old served under individuals with disabilities education act part b by educational environment and type of disability selected years fall 1989 through fall 2007 number and percentage of children served under individuals with disabilities education act part b by age group and state or jurisdiction selected years 1990­91 through 2007­08 number of gifted and talented students in public elementary and secondary schools by sex race ethnicity and state 2004 and 2006 percentage of gifted and talented students in public elementary and secondary schools by sex race/ethnicity and state 2004 and 2006 enrollment in grades 9 through 12 in public and private schools compared with population 14 to 17 years of age selected years 1889­90 through fall 2009 enrollment in foreign language courses compared with enrollment in grades 9 through 12 in public secondary schools selected years fall 1948 through fall 2000 percentage of public school districts and schools with students enrolled in technology-based distance education courses and number of enrollments in such courses by instructional level and district characteristics 2002­03 and 2004­05 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 45 46 47 48 49 83 84 50 51 85 86 87 88 89 90 52 53 54 55 56 57 91 private elementary and secondary schools 58 59 60 61 62 number and percentage distribution of private elementary and secondary students teachers and schools by orientation of school and selected school and student characteristics fall 2007 private elementary and secondary enrollment number of schools and average tuition by school level orientation and tuition 1999­2000 2003­04 and 2007­08 private elementary and secondary school full-time-equivalent staff and student to full-timeequivalent staff ratios by orientation of school school level and type of staff 2007­08 enrollment and instructional staff in catholic elementary and secondary schools by level selected years 1919­20 through 2008­09 private elementary and secondary schools enrollment teachers and high school graduates by state selected years 1997 through 2007 92 93 94 96 97 digest of education statistics 2009

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list of reference tables xi teachers and other staff 63 public elementary and secondary pupil/teacher ratios by enrollment school size type percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch locale and level of school fall 1987 through fall 2007 public and private elementary and secondary teachers enrollment and pupil/teacher ratios selected years fall 1955 through fall 2018 public elementary and secondary teachers by level and state or jurisdiction selected years fall 2000 through fall 2007 teachers enrollment and pupil/teacher ratios in public elementary and secondary schools by state or jurisdiction selected years fall 2000 through fall 2007 highest degree earned years of full-time teaching experience and average class size for teachers in public elementary and secondary schools by state 2007­08 highest degree earned and years of full-time teaching experience for teachers in public and private elementary and secondary schools by selected teacher characteristics 1999­2000 2003­04 and 2007­08 selected characteristics of public school teachers selected years spring 1961 through spring 2001 percentage of public school teachers of grades 9 through 12 by field of main teaching assignment and selected demographic and educational characteristics 2007­08 percentage of teachers indicating that certain issues are serious problems in their schools and that certain problems occur daily by level and control of school selected years 1987­88 through 2007­08 teachers perceptions about teaching and school conditions by control and level of school selected years 1993­94 through 2007­08 mobility of public and private elementary and secondary teachers by selected teacher and school characteristics selected years 1987­88 through 2004­05 average base salary for full-time teachers in public elementary and secondary schools by highest degree earned and years of full-time teaching selected years 1990­91 through 2007­08 average salaries for full-time teachers in public and private elementary and secondary schools by selected characteristics 2007­08 average base salary for full-time public elementary and secondary school teachers with a bachelor s degree as their highest degree by years of full-time teaching experience and state 1993­94 1999­2000 2003­04 and 2007­08 average base salary for full-time public elementary and secondary school teachers with a master s degree as their highest degree by years of full-time teaching experience and state 1993­94 1999­2000 2003­04 and 2007­08 estimated average annual salary of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools selected years 1959­60 through 2008­09 estimated average annual salary of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools by state or jurisdiction selected years 1969­70 through 2008­09 staff employed in public elementary and secondary school systems by functional area selected years 1949­50 through fall 2007 staff employed in public elementary and secondary school systems by type of assignment and state or jurisdiction fall 2007 staff employed in public elementary and secondary school systems by type of assignment and state or jurisdiction fall 2006 staff and teachers in public elementary and secondary school systems by state or jurisdiction fall 2000 through fall 2007 staff enrollment and pupil/staff ratios in public elementary and secondary school systems by state or jurisdiction fall 2000 through fall 2007 number highest degree experience and salaries of principals in public and private elementary and secondary schools by selected characteristics 1993­94 2003­04 and 2007­08 98 100 101 102 103 64 65 66 67 68 104 106 107 69 70 71 108 109 110 111 113 72 73 74 75 76 115 77 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 digest of education statistics 2009

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xii list of reference tables schools and school districts 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 number of public school districts and public and private elementary and secondary schools selected years 1869­70 through 2007­08 number and enrollment of regular public school districts by enrollment size of district selected years 1979­80 through 2007­08 number of public elementary and secondary education agencies by type of agency and state or jurisdiction 2006­07 and 2007­08 public elementary and secondary students schools pupil/teacher ratios and finances by type of locale 2006­07 and 2007­08 selected statistics on enrollment teachers dropouts and graduates in public school districts enrolling more than 15,000 students 1990 2000 2005­06 and 2007 revenues expenditures poverty rate and title i allocations of public school districts enrolling more than 15,000 students 2006­07 and fiscal year 2009 enrollment poverty and federal funds for the 100 largest school districts by enrollment size in 2007 fall 2007 2006­07 and fiscal year 2009 public elementary and secondary schools by type of school selected years 1967­68 through 2007­08 number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary schools and enrollment by type and enrollment size of school 2005­06 2006­07 and 2007­08 average enrollment and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary schools by type and size selected years 1982­83 through 2007­08 public elementary and secondary school students by racial/ethnic enrollment concentration of school fall 1995 fall 2000 and fall 2007 public elementary and secondary schools by type and state or jurisdiction 1990­91 2000­01 and 2007­08 public elementary schools by grade span average school size and state or jurisdiction 2007­08 public secondary schools by grade span average school size and state or jurisdiction 2007­08 number and enrollment of traditional public and public charter elementary and secondary schools and percentages of students teachers and schools by selected characteristics 2007­08 percentage of public schools with permanent and portable temporary buildings and with environmental factors that interfere with instruction in classrooms by selected school characteristics type of factor and extent of interference 2005 percentage of public schools with enrollment under at or over capacity by selected school characteristics 1999 and 2005 125 126 127 128 130 141 151 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 163 163 102 high school completers and dropouts 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 high school graduates by sex and control of school selected years 1869­70 through 2018­19 public high school graduates by state or jurisdiction selected years 1980­81 through 2007­08 averaged freshman graduation rates for public secondary schools by state or jurisdiction selected years 1990­91 through 2006­07 public high school graduates and dropouts by race/ethnicity and state or jurisdiction 2006­07 general educational development ged test takers and test passers by age 1971 through 2008 percentage of high school dropouts among persons 16 through 24 years old status dropout rate by sex and race/ethnicity selected years 1960 through 2008 percentage of high school dropouts among persons 16 through 24 years old status dropout rate by income level and percentage distribution of status dropouts by labor force status and educational attainment 1970 through 2008 number of 14 through 21-year-old students served under individuals with disabilities education act part b who exited school by exit reason age and type of disability united states and other jurisdictions 2005­06 and 2006­07 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 110 171 digest of education statistics 2009

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list of reference tables xiii educational achievement 111 112 113 114 115 percentage of children demonstrating specific cognitive and motor skills at about 9 months of age by child s age and selected characteristics 2001­02 percentage of children demonstrating specific mental skills physical skills and secure emotional attachment to parents at about 2 years of age by selected characteristics 2003­04 children s specific language literacy mathematics color knowledge and fine motor skills at about 4 years of age by age of child and selected characteristics 2005­06 mean reading scale scores and specific reading skills of fall 1998 first-time kindergartners by time of assessment and selected characteristics selected years fall 1998 through spring 2007 mean mathematics and science scale scores and specific mathematics skills of fall 1998 first-time kindergartners by time of assessment and selected characteristics selected years fall 1998 through spring 2007 average reading scale score by age and selected student and school characteristics selected years 1971 through 2008 average reading scale score by sex grade race/ethnicity and percentile selected years 1992 through 2007 average reading scale scores and percentage distribution of 9 13 and 17-year-olds by amount of reading for school frequency of reading for fun and time spent doing homework and watching tv/video selected years 1984 through 2008 percentage of students at or above selected reading score levels by age sex and race/ethnicity selected years 1971 through 2008 average reading scale score and percentage of 4th-graders in public schools attaining reading achievement levels by race/ethnicity and state or jurisdiction selected years 1992 through 2007 average reading scale score and percentage of 8th-graders in public schools attaining reading achievement levels by locale and state or jurisdiction selected years 1998 through 2007 percentage distribution of 4th and 8th-grade public school students students average reading scale scores and percentage of students at or above selected reading achievement levels by jurisdiction or specific urban district and race/ethnicity 2007 average reading scale scores of 4th 8th and 12th-graders by selected student and school characteristics selected years 1992 through 2007 average reading scale scores of 4th and 8th-graders in public schools and percentage scoring at or above selected reading achievement levels by english language learner ell status and state or jurisdiction 2007 average writing scale score and percentage of students attaining writing achievement levels by selected student characteristics and grade level 2002 and 2007 average arts scale score of 8th-graders percentage distribution by frequency of instruction and percentage participating in selected activities by subject and selected student and school characteristics 2008 percentage of students attaining u.s history achievement levels by grade level and selected student characteristics 2001 and 2006 average u.s history scale score by grade level and selected student characteristics and percentage distribution of 12th-graders by selected student characteristics 1994 2001 and 2006 average civics scale score and percentage of students attaining civics achievement levels by grade level and selected student characteristics 1998 and 2006 average economics scale score of 12th-graders percentage attaining economics achievement levels and percentage with different levels of economics coursework by selected student and school characteristics 2006 percentage of students attaining geography achievement levels by grade level and selected student characteristics 2001 average mathematics scale score by age and selected student and school characteristics selected years 1973 through 2008 percentage of students at or above selected mathematics proficiency levels by age sex and race/ethnicity selected years 1978 through 2008 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 116 117 118 179 180 181 183 119 120 121 122 185 186 123 124 187 188 125 126 189 190 191 192 127 128 129 130 193 194 195 196 131 132 133 digest of education statistics 2009

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