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t hehorizonreport 2010edition the new media consortium and the and the a collaboration between a collaboration between educause learning initiative an educause program an educause program

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the 2010 horizon report is a collaboration between the new media consortium and the educause learning initiative an educause program © 2010 the new media consortium permission is granted under a creative commons attribution license to replicate copy distribute transmit or adapt this report freely provided that attribution is provided as illustrated in the citation below to view a copy of this license visit http creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 or send a letter to creative commons 559 nathan abbott way stanford california 94305 usa citation johnson l levine a smith r stone s 2010 the 2010 horizon report austin texas the new media consortium isbn 978-0-9825334-3-7

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ta bleofcontents executive summary 3 key trends critical challenges technologies to watch the horizon project time-to-adoption one year or less mobile computing 9 overview relevance for teaching learning or creative inquiry mobile computing in practice for further reading open content 13 overview relevance for teaching learning or creative inquiry open content in practice for further reading time-to-adoption two to three years electronic books 17 overview relevance for teaching learning or creative inquiry electronic books in practice for further reading simple augmented reality 21 overview relevance for teaching learning or creative inquiry simple augmented reality in practice for further reading time-to-adoption four to five years gesture-based computing 25 overview relevance for teaching learning or creative inquiry gesture-based computing in practice for further reading visual data analysis 29 overview relevance for teaching learning or creative inquiry visual data analysis in practice for further reading methodology 33 2010 horizon project advisory board 35 thehorizonreport ­ 2 0 1 0 1

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e x ecu tiv e s um ma ry the annual horizon report describes the continuing work of the new media consortium s horizon project a qualitative research project established in 2002 that identifies and describes emerging technologies likely to have a large impact on teaching learning or creative inquiry on college and university campuses within the next five years the 2010 horizon report is the seventh in the series and is produced as part of an ongoing collaboration between the new media consortium nmc and the educause learning initiative eli an educause program in each edition of the horizon report six emerging technologies or practices are described that are likely to enter mainstream use on campuses within three adoption horizons spread over the next one to five years each report also presents critical trends and challenges that will affect teaching and learning over the same time frame in the seven years that the horizon project has been underway more than 400 leaders in the fields of business industry technology and education have contributed to this long-running primary research effort they have drawn on a comprehensive body of published resources current research and practice their own considerable expertise and the expertise of the nmc and eli communities to identify technologies and practices that are beginning to appear on campuses or are likely to be adopted in the next few years the 2010 advisory board like those before it considered a broad picture of emerging technology and its intersection with the academic world through a close examination of primary sources as well as through the lens of their own experiences and perspectives the research methodology employed in producing the report is detailed in a special section that follows the body of the report the report s format is consistent from year to year opening with a discussion of the trends and challenges identified by the advisory board as most critical for the next five years the format of the main section closely reflects the focus of the horizon project itself centering on the applications of emerging technologies to teaching learning and creative inquiry each topic is introduced with an overview that describes what it is followed by a discussion of the particular relevance of the topic to education creativity or research examples of how the technology is being or could be applied to those activities are given finally each section closes with an annotated list of suggested readings and additional examples that expand on the discussion in the report and a link to the tagged resources collected during the research process by project staff the advisory board and others in the growing horizon project community key trends the technologies featured in each edition of the horizon report are embedded within a contemporary context that reflects the realities of the time both in the sphere of academia and in the world at large to assure this perspective each advisory board researches identifies and ranks key trends that are currently affecting the practice of teaching learning and creative inquiry and uses these as a lens for its later work these trends are surfaced through an extensive review of current articles interviews papers and new research once identified the list of trends is ranked according to how significant an impact they are likely to have on education in the next five years the following four trends have been identified as key drivers of technology adoptions for the period 2010 through 2015 they are listed here in the order they were ranked by the advisory board the abundance of resources and relationships made easily accessible via the internet is increasingly challenging us to revisit our roles as educators in sense-making coaching and credentialing institutions must consider the unique value that each adds to a world in which information is everywhere in such a world sensemaking and the ability to assess the credibility of information are paramount mentoring and preparing students for the world in which they will live the central role of the university when it thehorizonreport ­ 2 0 1 0 3

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e xecutivesummarya climate in which students their peers and their teachers are all working towards the same goals where research is something open even to first year students the results have shown tantalizing promise increasingly both students and their professors see the challenges facing the world as multidisciplinary and the need for collaboration great over the past few years the emergence of a raft of new and often free tools has made collaboration easier than at any other point in history achieved its modern form in the 14th century is again at the forefront universities have always been seen as the gold standard for educational credentialing but emerging certification programs from other sources are eroding the value of that mission daily people expect to be able to work learn and study whenever and wherever they want to life in an increasingly busy world where learners must balance demands from home work school and family poses a host of logistical challenges with which today s ever more mobile students must cope a faster approach is often perceived as a better approach and as such people want easy and timely access not only to the information on the network but to their social networks that can help them to interpret it and maximize its value the implications for informal learning are profound as are the notions of just-in-time learning and found learning both ways of maximizing the impact of learning by ensuring it is timely and efficient the technologies we use are increasingly cloud-based and our notions of it support are decentralized the continuing acceptance and adoption of cloud-based applications and services is changing not only the ways we configure and use software and file storage but even how we conceptualize those functions it does not matter where our work is stored what matters is that our information is accessible no matter where we are or what device we choose to use globally in huge numbers we are growing used to a model of browser-based software that is device-independent while some challenges still remain specifically with notions of privacy and control the promise of significant cost savings is an important driver in the search for solutions the work of students is increasingly seen as collaborative by nature and there is more crosscampus collaboration between departments while this trend is not as widespread as the others listed here where schools have created critical challenges along with current trends the advisory board notes critical challenges that face learning organizations especially those that are likely to continue to affect education over the five-year time period covered by this report like the trends these are drawn from a careful analysis of current events papers articles and similar sources as well as from the personal experience of the advisory board members in their roles as leaders in education and technology those challenges ranked as most significant in terms of their impact on teaching learning and creative inquiry in the coming years are listed here in the order of importance assigned them by the advisory board the role of the academy and the way we prepare students for their future lives is changing in a 2007 report the american association of colleges and universities recommended strongly that emerging technologies be employed by students in order for them to gain experience in research experimentation problem-based learning and other forms of creative work particularly in their chosen fields of study it is incumbent upon the academy to adapt teaching and learning practices to meet the needs of today s learners to emphasize critical inquiry and mental flexibility and provide students with necessary tools for those tasks to connect learners to broad social issues through civic engagement and to encourage them to apply their learning to solve large-scale complex problems.

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new scholarly forms of authoring publishing and researching continue to emerge but appropriate metrics for evaluating them increasingly and far too often lag behind citation-based metrics to pick one example are hard to apply to research based in social media new forms of peer review and approval such as reader ratings inclusion in and mention by influential blogs tagging incoming links and retweeting are arising from the natural actions of the global community of educators with increasingly relevant and interesting results these forms of scholarly corroboration are not yet well understood by mainstream faculty and academic decision makers creating a gap between what is possible and what is acceptable digital media literacy continues its rise in importance as a key skill in every discipline and profession the challenge is due to the fact that despite the widespread agreement on its importance training in digital literacy skills and techniques is rare in any discipline and especially rare in teacher education programs as faculty and instructors begin to realize that they are limiting their students by not helping them to develop and use digital media literacy skills across the curriculum the lack of formal training is being offset through professional development or informal learning but we are far from seeing digital media literacy as a norm this reality is exacerbated by the fact that as technology continues to evolve digital literacy must necessarily be less about tools and more about ways of thinking and seeing and of crafting narrative that is why skills and standards based on tools and platforms have proven to be somewhat ephemeral and difficult to sustain institutions increasingly focus more narrowly on key goals as a result of shrinking budgets in the present economic climate across the board institutions are looking for ways to control costs while still providing a high quality of service schools are challenged by the need to support a steady or growing number of students with fewer resources and staff than before in this atmosphere it is critical for information and media professionals to emphasize the importance of continuing research into emerging technologies as a means to achieve key institutional goals as one example knowing the facts about shifting server and networkintensive infrastructure such as email or media streaming off campus in the current climate might present the opportunity to generate considerable annual savings these trends and challenges are having a profound effect on the way we experiment with adopt and use emerging technologies these aspects of the world that surround and permeate academia serve as a frame for considering the probable impacts of the emerging technologies listed in the sections that follow technologies to watch the six technologies featured in each horizon report are placed along three adoption horizons that indicate likely time frames for their entrance into mainstream use for teaching learning or creative inquiry the near-term horizon assumes the likelihood of entry into the mainstream for institutions within the next twelve months the mid-term horizon within two to three years and the far-term within four to five years it should be noted that the horizon report is not a predictive tool it is meant rather to highlight emerging technologies with considerable potential for our focus areas of teaching learning and creative inquiry each of them is already the focus of work at a number of innovative institutions around the world and the work we showcase here reveals the promise of a wider impact on the near-term horizon that is within the next 12 months are mobile computing and open content mobile computing by which we mean use of the network-capable devices students are already carrying is already established on many campuses although before we see widespread use concerns about privacy classroom management and access will need to be thehorizonreport ­ 2 0 1 0 5

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e xecutivesummary digital books making it very easy to collect and carry hundreds of volumes in a space smaller than a single paperback book already in the mainstream of consumer use electronic books are appearing on campuses with increasing frequency thanks to a number of pilot programs much is already known about student preferences with regards to the various platforms available electronic books promise to reduce costs save students from carrying pounds of textbooks and contribute to the environmental efforts of paperconscious campuses simple augmented reality refers to the shift that has made augmented reality accessible to almost anyone augmented reality used to require specialized equipment none of which was very portable today applications for laptops and smart phones overlay digital information onto the physical world quickly and easily while still two to three years away from widespread use on campuses augmented reality is establishing a foothold in the consumer sector and in a form much easier to access than originally envisioned on the far-term horizon set at four to five years away for widespread adoption but clearly already in use in some quarters are gesture-based computing and visual data analysis neither of these two technologies is yet commonly found in campus settings but the high level of interest and the tremendous amounts of research in both areas indicates that they are worth following closely gesture-based computing is already strong in the consumer market and we are seeing a growing number of prototypical applications for training research and study though this technology is still some time away from common educational use devices that are controlled by natural movements of the finger hand arm and body are becoming more common game companies in particular are exploring the potential offered by consoles that require no handheld controller but instead recognize and interpret body motions as we work with devices that react to addressed at the same time the opportunity is great virtually all higher education students carry some form of mobile device and the cellular network that supports their connectivity continues to grow an increasing number of faculty and instructional technology staff are experimenting with the possibilities for collaboration and communication offered by mobile computing devices from smart phones to netbooks are portable tools for productivity learning and communication offering an increasing range of activities fully supported by applications designed especially for mobiles open content also expected to reach mainstream use in the next twelve months is the current form of a movement that began nearly a decade ago when schools like mit began to make their course content freely available today there is a tremendous variety of open content and in many parts of the world open content represents a profound shift in the way students study and learn far more than a collection of free online course materials the open content movement is a response to the rising costs of education the desire for access to learning in areas where such access is difficult and an expression of student choice about when and how to learn the second adoption horizon is set two to three years out where we will begin to see widespread adoptions of two well-established technologies that have taken off by making use of the global cellular networks electronic books and simple augmented reality both of these technologies are entering the mainstream of popular culture both are already used in practice at a surprising number of campuses and both are expected to see much broader use across academia over the next two to three years electronic books have been available in some form for nearly four decades but the past twelve months have seen a dramatic upswing in their acceptance and use convenient and capable electronic reading devices combine the activities of acquiring storing reading and annotating

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us instead of requiring us to learn to work with them our understanding of what it means to interact with computers is beginning to change visual data analysis a way of discovering and understanding patterns in large data sets via visual interpretation is currently used in the scientific analysis of complex processes as the tools to interpret and display data have become more sophisticated models can be manipulated in real time and researchers are able to navigate and explore data in ways that were not possible previously visual data analysis is an emerging field a blend of statistics data mining and visualization that promises to make it possible for anyone to sift through display and understand complex concepts and relationships each of these technologies is described in detail in the body of the report these sections open with a discussion of what the technology is and why it is relevant to teaching learning and creative inquiry examples of the technology in practice especially in academia are listed there to illustrate how it is being adopted at the current time our research indicates that all six of these technologies taken together will have a significant impact on learning-focused organizations within the next five years regular readers of the horizon report will note that some topics have strong ties to topics that were featured in past editions mobile computing in particular is the latest aspect of a trend toward smaller more powerful computing devices that has grown over the past three years we have watched mobile phones become increasingly capable and flexible as described here the topic of mobile computing encompasses handheld devices with the ability to access the internet a group of devices that includes the mobile phones most people carry as well as other often specialized devices that are increasingly powerful the significance of mobile computing is not so much in the device used but in the ability to easily access an expanding cellular network and fullyfeatured tools from the palm of your hand simple augmented reality and gesture-based computing also have roots in previous editions augmented reality first appeared in the 2005 horizon report on the far-term horizon returning in 2006 with a focus on its applications for visualizing large data sets a use that is now common in many research labs today augmented reality has become simple and available on the computers and mobile devices we already own gesture-based computing is one offshoot of a group of technologies that was noted in the first horizon report published in 2004 multimodal interfaces as this group was called included gestural as well as other types of input gesture-based computing also has ties to contextaware computing featured in 2005 and as contextaware devices in 2006 the horizon project since march 2002 under the banner of the horizon project the new media consortium has held an ongoing series of conversations and dialogs with hundreds of technology professionals campus technologists faculty leaders from colleges and universities and representatives of leading corporations from more than two dozen countries in each of the past six years these conversations have resulted in the publication each january of a report focused on emerging technologies relevant to higher education as the report is produced an advisory board engages in lively dialogs using a wide range of articles published and unpublished research papers scholarly blogs and websites the result of these dialogs is a list of the key technologies trends challenges and issues that knowledgeable people in technology industries higher education and learning-focused organizations are thinking about in 2008 and 2009 the nmc convened additional advisory boards to engage in a new series of regional and sector-based companion editions of the horizon report with the dual goals of understanding how technology is being absorbed using a smaller lens and also noting the contrasts between technology use in one area compared with another to date companion editions have been prepared that center on australia and new zealand on the k-12 sector and on small to medium-sized businesses thehorizonreport ­ 2 0 1 0 7

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e xecutivesummary america since 2007 with the aid of the universitat oberta de catalunya the horizon report has been translated into spanish and catalan in 2008 the horizon project expanded with the publication of its first-ever regional report the 2008 horizon report australia-new zealand edition the 2009 horizon report was also translated into japanese german and chinese as well as spanish and catalan and plans are in place to add to those translations for the current report in 2010 in partnership with the universitat oberta de catalunya a new spanishlanguage report is planned especially for iberoamerica that will look at the entire body of work from the project each horizon report is produced over a period of just a few months so that the information is timely and relevant this year the effort to produce the report began in september 2009 and concluded when the report was released in january 2010 a period of just over four months the six technologies and applications that emerged at the top of the final rankings two per adoption horizon are detailed in the chapters that follow each of those chapters includes detailed descriptions links to active demonstration projects and a wide array of additional resources related to the six profiled technologies those profiles are the heart of the 2010 horizon report and will fuel the work of the horizon project throughout 2010-11 for those wanting to know more about the processes used to generate the horizon report many of which are ongoing and extend the work in the report we refer you to the report s final section on the research methodology each time a report is undertaken the nmc uses qualitative research methods to identify the technologies selected for inclusion in that report beginning with a survey of the work of other organizations and a review of the literature with an eye to spotting interesting emerging technologies when the cycle starts little is known or even can be known about the appropriateness or efficacy of many of the emerging technologies for these purposes as the horizon project expressly focuses on technologies not currently in widespread use in academe in a typical year 75 or more of these technologies may be identified for further investigation for the 2010 report more than 110 were considered by engaging a wide community of interested parties and diligently searching the internet and other sources enough information is gathered early in the process to allow the members of the advisory board to form an understanding of how each of the discovered technologies might be in use in settings outside of academe to develop a sense of the potential the technology may have for higher education settings and to envision applications of the technology for teaching learning and creative inquiry the findings are discussed in a variety of settings with faculty industry experts campus technologists and of course the horizon advisory board of particular interest to the advisory board every year is finding educational applications for these technologies that may not be intuitive or obvious increasingly the horizon project is a global effort each year at least a third of the members of the advisory board represent countries outside of north

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mobile computing time-to-adoption horizon one year or less the available choices for staying connected while on the go are many smart phones netbooks laptops and a wide range of other devices access the internet using cellular-based portable hotspots and mobile broadband cards in addition to wi-fi that is increasingly available wherever people congregate at the same time the devices we carry are becoming ever more capable and the boundaries between them more and more blurred in the developed world mobile computing has become an indispensable part of day-to-day life in the workforce and a key driver is the increasing ease and speed with which it is possible to access the internet from virtually anywhere in the world via the ever-expanding cellular network overview mobiles as a category have proven more interesting and more capable with each passing year and continue to be a technology with new surprises the mobile market today has nearly 4 billion subscribers more than two-thirds of whom live in developing countries well over a billion new phones are produced each year a flow of continuous enhancement and innovation that is unprecedented in modern times the fastest-growing sales segment belongs to smart phones which means that a massive and increasing number of people all over the world now own and use a computer that fits in their hand and is able to connect to the network wirelessly from virtually anywhere thousands of applications designed to support a wide range of tasks on virtually any smart-phone operating system are readily available with more entering the market all the time these mobile computing tools have become accepted aids in daily life giving us on-thego access to tools for business video/audio capture and basic editing sensing and measurement geolocation social networking personal productivity references just-in-time learning indeed virtually anything that can be done on a desktop users increasingly expect anytime anywhere access to data and services that not very long ago were available only while sitting in front of a computer linked to the network via a cable in addition to the typical software for email communication and calendaring new tools allow users to manage personal information such as evernote nozbe wesabe and tripit collaborate and easily access and share files dropbox and calengoo are two of many possible examples or keep abreast of social networks limbo facebook foursquare whrrl and generally make checking and updating work school or personal information flows something easily done on the fly for many people all over the world but especially in developing countries mobiles are increasingly the access point not only for common tools and communications but also for information of all kinds training materials and more an ever more common pattern is for people to look to mobile computing platforms as their device of choice as they are often far cheaper than desktop or laptop computers for this group mobile computing devices are more affordable more accessible and easier to use than desktop computers and provide more than enough functionality to serve as their primary computing device a middle ground for those who need a little more flexibility and power from a mobile platform includes netbooks smartbooks or other specialized devices smaller and lighter than a laptop this category of devices can access the internet via multiple networks netbooks run typical productivity and communications applications using a standard keyboard and a compact laptop-like design more specialized devices like ebooks email readers and others are customized for a single purpose the advantages they offer are storage and portability the kindle for instance makes it easy to carry a library thehorizonreport ­ 2 0 1 0 9

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o neyearorless overall working with the course content online at the open university of catalunya uoc where many students commute or attend classes around full-time work schedules course materials are made available not only in paper format but also in audio video and text formats designed for mobile access the university of waterloo another campus with a large commuter population piloted delivery of materials for online courses to the blackberry platform the response was very positive and students noted increased time spent accessing course materials as well as higher levels of collaboration with classmates the potential of mobile computing is being demonstrated in hundreds of projects at higher education institutions students in the university of alabama s computer-based honors program for example are developing an application for the iphone and ipod touch that will deliver blood-sugar check reminders to patients with type 2 diabetes and provide resources about diabetes management as well as collect information on how patients using the tool are succeeding in keeping their blood sugar under control these data will be used in a research project comparing the effects of standard patientcare practices with self-management practices as facilitated by the mobile application a custom tool developed at purdue university hotseat http purdue.edu/hotseat allows students to use their mobile devices to contribute to discussions ask and answer questions and respond to teacher prompts through any of several channels including facebook twitter the hotseat mobile application or a web application students in a history course at the university of texas-dallas used twitter to discuss course topics during class the tweets were displayed on a large screen to encourage crossgroup communication a sampling of other applications of mobile computing across a variety of disciplines includes the following chemistry at bluegrass community technical college outdoor fieldwork has replaced many cookbook chemistry labs students use tablet full of reading material while the peek email reader delivers email access on a very compact device relevance for teaching learning or creative inquiry the portability of mobile devices and their ability to connect to the internet almost anywhere makes them ideal as a store of reference materials and learning experiences as well as general-use tools for fieldwork where they can be used to record observations via voice text or multimedia and access reference sources in real time at ball state university students gather meteorological data around campus using twitter on mobile devices to aggregate and disseminate their findings at the university of kansas geology labs are being augmented by carefully designed field experiments that students can complete in blocks of three hours as faculty use of mobile computing has grown studies have begun to emerge documenting the efficacy of both the tools and the techniques used to employ them at abilene christian university for example all incoming freshmen were issued an iphone or ipod touch in 2009 providing a broad canvas upon which to explore the use of mobiles for instruction one section of a chemistry course received laboratory preparation and safety lectures via podcast for mobile devices rather than in the classroom performance scores for these students indicated that the mobile lectures were equally effective at franklin marshall college sixteen faculty in the year-long mlearning pilot project are using ipod touches to explore ways mobile computing can be used in teaching learning and research in disciplines like history psychology religious studies world languages government classics and more a houston community college pilot held in spring 2009 compared study habits of two groups of students enrolled in the same anatomy course one group issued mobile devices was found to work on the course during spare moments such as while waiting for appointments the other group using only desktop computers appeared to spend less time

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pcs to record and analyze field research present their findings and compare results in real time history the edinburgh college of art the university of edinburgh and the edina data centre collaboratively developed a mobile app called walking through time the app overlays historical maps onto current maps of the viewer s location showing street views and areas of interest from prior times information technology students at the university of michigan developed an application for google s android platform that measures power consumption on mobiles the app called powertutor is designed to help software developers create more efficient applications medicine harvard medical school has released an iphone app about the h1n1 virus including maps of outbreaks a symptom checker and tips for avoiding infection or dealing with illness the app is the first in a planned series of mobile applications developed at hms in collaboration with medical school scientists and doctors introduction to teaching course which serves nearly 650 freshmen and transfer students use mobile devices to access reference material respond to professors questions and take polls during class iphone the body electric http www.unews.utah.edu/p r=092409-2 at the university of utah researchers have developed a suite of mobile apps to allow scientists students doctors and patients to study human anatomy visualize large data sets in 3d manipulate and analyze large numbers of high-resolution images and evaluate medical problems mobile libraries http www.lib.ncsu.edu/m/about.html the north carolina state university library now offers a mobile application that provides a catalog search information about computer availability in labs and access to a reference librarian san francisco museum of modern art mobile tours http www.sfmoma.org/events/1556 the san francisco museum of modern art is offering two new mobile applications making sense of modern art mobile and the rooftop garden iphone tour msoma mobile is available on ipod touches that may be borrowed by museum visitors and includes interviews with architects artists and curators video footage and music and poetry related to the collection the rooftop garden tour is available at no cost as an application in the itunes store smartphones fill med school prescription http www.allbusiness.com/health-care health-care-professionals-physicianssurgeons/13161277-1.html at the university of louisville school of medicine residents use smartphones instead of prescription pads and multiple reference books patients and residents alike approve of the new system mobile computing in practice the following links provide examples of mobile computing cellular colleges the next small thing http www.universitybusiness.com/viewarticle aspx?articleid=1233 james martin and james e samels university business february 2009 following the lead of japan s fukuoka-based cyber university several colleges in the united states are now planning full media-rich courses delivered via smart phone cmu students professors find benefits with ipod technology in classroom http www.news .cmich.edu/20 09/10/cmustudents-professors-find-b the news central 28 october 2009 students in central michigan university s thehorizonreport ­ 2 0 1 0 11

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o neyearorless teaching with technology face-off iphones vs pcs https chronicle.com/blogpost/teaching-withtechnology/4547 jeffrey r young the chronicle of higher education 25 february 2009 one professor found that students with access to an iphone studied more than those who used only a pc delicious mobile computing http delicious.com/tag/hz10+mobile follow this link to find additional resources tagged for this topic and this edition of the horizon report to add to this list simply tag resources with hz10 and mobile when you save them to delicious for further reading the following articles and resources are recommended for those who wish to learn more about mobile computing gsm coverage maps http www.gsmworld.com/roaming/gsminfo index.shtml gsm world provides detailed information about cellular network operators worldwide as well as up-to-date coverage maps for countries around the globe specific details included are network roaming services including broadband and coverage information for over 860 networks in 220 countries or areas of the world the mobile campus http www.insidehighered.com/news/2009/09/21 iphones steve kolowich inside higher ed 21 september 2009 one year after implementing its campus-wide policy of issuing each freshman an iphone or ipod touch abilene christian university challenged instructors to integrate mobile learning into their classes and surveyed the campus community about the results moca gathering instant student feedback on mobile devices http www.utexas.edu/academic/diia/about postcards this case study from the university of texas at austin describes the mobile ongoing course assessment moca tool developed by the division of instructional innovation and assessment moca is used to assess student learning and engage students in discussion moca may be accessed from any web-capable mobile device.

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open content time-to-adoption horizon one year or less the movement toward open content reflects a growing shift in the way academics in many parts of the world are conceptualizing education to a view that is more about the process of learning than the information conveyed in their courses information is everywhere the challenge is to make effective use of it part of the appeal of open content is that it is also a response to both the rising costs of traditionally published resources and the lack of educational resources in some regions and a cost-effective alternative to textbooks and other materials as customizable educational content is made increasingly available for free over the internet students are learning not only the material but also skills related to finding evaluating interpreting and repurposing the resources they are studying in partnership with their teachers overview a new educational perspective focused on collective knowledge and the sharing and reuse of learning and scholarly content has been gaining ground across the globe for nearly a decade open content has now come to the point that it is rapidly driving change in both the materials we use and the process of education at its core the notion of open content is to take advantage of the internet as a global dissemination platform for collective knowledge and wisdom and to design learning experiences that maximize the use of it open content as described here has its roots in a number of seminal efforts including the open content project mit s open courseware initiative ocw the open knowledge foundation and work by the william and flora hewlett foundation and others many of these projects focused on creating collections of sharable resources and on devising licenses and metadata schemata the groundswell of interest in open content described here is differentiated from early work by its primary focus on the use of open content and its place in the curriculum the role of open content producers has evolved as well away from the idea of authoritative repositories of content and towards the broader notion of content being both free and ubiquitous building on the trailblazing models of institutions like mit schools like tufts university and many others now consider making their course materials available to the public a social responsibility an outgrowth of that perspective is the emergence of open-content textbooks that can be remixed that is customized modified or combined with other materials and a number of publishers are finding ways to support authors of such materials one such publisher flat world knowledge provides access to textbooks authored for open use making it very easy for faculty to individually tailor a text for use in their own class flat world knowledge operates as a publisher reviewing book submissions and using a traditional editing process before release however electronic copies of the textbooks are free students only pay for print copies and authors receive royalties for these purchases whether the book has been customized or not at the center of many discussions of open content are the challenges of sharing repurposing and reusing scholarly works related to those discussions are concerns about intellectual property copyright and student-to-student collaboration and solid work has been done by groups such as creative commons the academic commons science commons and others to address many of the concerns commonly voiced many believe that reward structures that support the sharing of work in progress ongoing research highly collaborative projects and a broad view of what constitutes scholarly publication are key challenges that institutions need to solve also to be addressed are reputation systems peer review processes and new models for citation of the new thehorizonreport ­ 2 0 1 0 13

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o neyearorless org teachers without borders http www teacherswithoutborders.org and other online communities while portals like folksemantic http www.folksemantic.com offer a single point of entry to many open content offerings learning communities associated with services like diigo or twine can point educators in the right direction via the social networking equivalent of word of mouth a sampling of other open content projects across disciplines includes the following art history smarthistory an open educational resource dedicated to the study of art seeks to replace traditional art history textbooks with an interactive well-organized website search by time period style or artist http smarthistory.org graduate studies the tokyo institute of technology offers 35 graduate level courses open and free of charge in the schools of science and engineering bioscience and biotechnology innovation management and others health sciences the johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health provides openaccess classes to further the goal of improving global understanding of health-related issues courses include the school s most popular subjects including adolescent health infectious disease genetics and aging literature looking for whitman http lookingforwhitman.org is an open-access multi-institutional experiment dedicated to the study of the life and works of walt whitman forms of content that are likely outgrowths of open content initiatives while a number of highly structured projects exist to provide access to open content in general the open content community is diffuse and distributed learning to find useful resources within a given discipline assess the quality of content available and repurpose them in support of a learning or research objective are in and of themselves valuable skills for any emerging scholar and many adherents of open content list that aspect among the reasons they support the use of shareable materials relevance for teaching learning or creative inquiry open content shifts the learning equation in a number of interesting ways the most important is that its use promotes a set of skills that are critical in maintaining currency in any discipline the ability to find evaluate and put new information to use almost as important is that the same set of materials once placed online and made sharable via the appropriate licensing can inform a wide variety of learning modalities not the least of which is learning for the sheer joy of discovery communities of practice and learning communities have formed around open content in a great many disciplines and provide practitioners and independent learners alike an avenue for continuing education openlearn http openlearn.open.ac.uk a project of the open university in the u.k offers anyone the opportunity to join a study group while working through their open course content openlearn practices a method known as supported open learning in which students work through content at their own pace with help and guidance from a tutor faculty communities of practice are flourishing as well at trinity university for example faculty endorsed an open access policy that enables them to place copies of their scholarly works in an open-access repository shared by several liberal arts colleges many sources of open content can easily be found in creative commons http creativecommons open content in practice the following links provide examples of open content american literature before 1860 http enh241.wetpaint.com students in this course held at mesa community college contribute to the open course material as part of their research mcc also features a number of lectures on youtube see http www youtube.com/user/mesacc#p/p

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carnegie mellon university s open learning initiative http oli.web.cmu.edu/openlearning the open learning initiative offers instructorled and self-paced courses any instructor may teach with the materials regardless of affiliation in addition the courses include student assessment and intelligent tutoring capability connexions http cnx.org connexions offers small modules of information and encourages users to piece together these chunks to meet their individual needs dnatube http www.dnatube.com this site offers a youtube-like library of science videos including lectures interviews animations and demonstrations search by category mathematics archeology physics topics viruses mitosis or featured videos which include the editors choices escholarship university of california http escholarship.org/about_escholarship.html escholarship provides peer review and publishing for scholarly articles books and papers using an open content model the service also includes tools for dissemination and research mit opencourseware http ocw.mit.edu the massachusetts institute of technology publishes lectures and materials from most of its undergraduate and graduate courses online where they are freely available for self-study open.michigan s dscribe project https open.umich.edu/projects/oer.php the university of michigan s open.michigan initiative houses several open content projects one dscribe is a student-centered approach to creating open content students work with faculty to select and vet resources easing the staffing and cost burden of content creation while involving the students in developing materials for themselves and their peers otter http www.le.ac.uk/otter the university of leicester s otter project open transferable and technology-enabled educational resources pilots and evaluates systems for releasing educational content under an open license for further reading the following articles and resources are recommended for those who wish to learn more about open content center for social media publishes new code of best practices in ocw http criticalcommons.org/blog/content/centerfor-social-media-publishes-new-code-of-bestpractices-in-ocw critical commons 25 october 2009 the advocacy group critical commons seeks to promote the use of media in open educational resources their code of best practices in fair use for opencourseware is a guide for content developers who want to include fair-use material in their offerings countries offer different takes to open online learning http chronicle.com/article/countries-offerdifferent/48775 simmi aujla and ben terris the chronicle of higher education 11 october 2009 many countries are using open educational resources to reach students who would otherwise be unable to attend university creative commons http www.creativecommons.org creative commons has created a set of legal tools consistent with the rules of copyright that make it not only possible but easy for people to share and build upon the work of others the organization provides free licenses that allow anyone to create share and use open content thehorizonreport ­ 2 0 1 0 15

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o neyearorless flat world knowledge a disruptive business model http industry.bnet.com/media/10003790/flatworld-knowledge-a-disruptive-business-model david weir bnet 20 august 2009 flat world knowledge is enjoying rapid growth from 1,000 students in the spring of 2009 to 40,000 in the fall semester using their materials the company s business model pays a higher royalty percentage to textbook authors and charges students a great deal less than traditional publishers open content and the emerging global metauniversity http www.educause.edu/educause+review educausereviewmagazinevolume41 opencontentandtheemerginggloba/158053 in this article drawn from his 2005 clair maple memorial address at the seminars on academic computing mit president emeritus charles vest discusses open content and outlines the promise and opportunity that drove the creation of mit opencourseware delicious open content http delicious.com/tag/hz10+opened follow this link to find additional resources tagged for this topic and this edition of the horizon report to add to this list simply tag resources with hz10 and opened when you save them to delicious.

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electronic books time-to-adoption horizon two to three years as the technology underlying electronic readers has improved and as more titles have become available electronic books are quickly reaching the point where their advantages over the printed book are compelling to almost any observer the convenience of carrying an entire library in a purse pocket or book bag appeals to readers who find time for a few pages in between appointments or while commuting already firmly established in the public sector electronic books are gaining a foothold on campuses as well where they serve as a cost-effective and portable alternative to heavy textbooks and supplemental reading selections overview electronic books have reached mainstream adoption in the consumer sector in 2009 the kindle was amazon.com s best selling product with more than 390,000 titles available the very first electronic versions of books were those digitized by project gutenberg in the 1970s electronic books were meant to be read using a computer until the late 1990s at that time special devices for reading electronic books known as e-readers or simply readers began to appear on the market the latest readers offer a high fidelity reading experience that offers most of the affordances of the printed book with enhancements like wireless connectivity and ample storage that allow the typical device to hold more than 1,000 titles this ready availability of a selection of capable readers is one of the factors contributing to the success of electronic books not only are there many models available to please a variety of tastes besides the amazon kindle the sony reader the new barnes noble nook and a number of reader applications for iphones android phones and other smartphones have entered the market but the capabilities of readers have advanced to the point where the experience truly rivals that of reading a paper book paper and ink color font type size even the way pages are turned are all customizable text is clear and crisp with enough contrast to make it easy to read and the devices are comfortable to hold for long periods of time supported by such a wide variety of readers electronic books have enjoyed a dramatic rise in popularity over the last year kindle editions for example now account for half of amazon s sales of books available both in print and for the kindle readers of electronic books may be reading more as well kindle owners according to amazon buy three times as many books as they did before they had kindles sony reports that reader owners download about eight books per month as compared to fewer than seven books per year purchased by the average american book buyer in 2008¹ the list of available titles already broad and growing rapidly is spurring that interest virtually all new books are available in electronic form as well as classics and popular books from the last 50 years collections of copyright-free texts including great works of literature are available at little or no cost publishers are releasing more titles in electronic formats as the popularity grows leading to a wider selection of current books and new releases cost is generally a little lower than buying a paperback edition wirelessly connected readers make purchasing an electronic book a simple matter often delivering a new volume in less than a minute purchases can be made at any time from virtually any location at no additional cost and with no subscription or access fee the convenience of having an entire library of books magazines and newspapers each remembering exactly where you left off the last time you looked at them and all in a single small device is one of the most compelling aspects driving electronic reader sales 1 see e-book fans are proving to be enthusiastic readers nytimes.com 20 october 2009 http www.nytimes com/2009/10/21/technology/21books.html r=2 thehorizonreport ­ 2 0 1 0 17

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t wotothreeyears the kindle dx a larger format version of the device expressly built for academic texts newspapers and journals is being piloted at arizona state university ball state university case western reserve university pace university princeton reed college syracuse university and the university of virginia darden school of business northwest missouri state university and penn state have embarked on pilots using the sony reader johns hopkins is piloting the entourage edge which combines the functions of an e-reader a netbook a notepad and an audio/video recorder and player in one handheld device many other similar projects could be listed here as the number of campusbased evaluation pilots is large and growing rapidly an obvious draw for students is the advantage of having a single handheld reading device that can easily accommodate the entirety of readings involved in one s study as well as all the essential reference texts in a pilot program seton hall university s teaching learning technology center found that students appreciated the ability to store and review a semester s worth of material in electronic form a survey of current projects shows that electronic books are being explored in virtually every discipline although full-scale movement to electronic books is still two to three years away a sampling of projects includes the following extracurricular reading the library at fairleigh dickinson university offers a selection of electronic readers that students may check out including amazon kindles sony readers and ipod touches each reader includes a selection of reference books popular titles literature and more foreign language first-year french students at the university of texas at austin use an online interactive textbook with a print-on-demand component available in color or black-andwhite the online portion includes audio clips of each part of the text and video clips to explore the culture of france http www.laits.utexas edu/fi relevance for teaching learning or creative inquiry while the typical electronic reader could conceivably hold the entire sum of textbooks and readings for the entirety of one s academic experience campuses have been slower to adopt electronic books than the general public for three primary reasons but all of them are becoming less of a constraint the primary obstacle was simply availability while a great variety of consumer titles are available electronically textbooks or academic works have been published in electronic formats far less frequently secondly as the reader technology developed the ability to easily render high quality illustrations was initially limited the last obstacle was related to the publishing model where electronic versions were available they were most commonly viewed as ancillary to the printed version which had to be purchased before the electronic version could be accessed and the early versions were not in formats compatible with most readers over the past year or so however those obstacles have each started to fall away many academic titles are now available and many more are in the pipeline amazon for example now lists some 30,000 academic titles all of the major textbook publishers have electronic versions in the amazon education catalog advances in electronic reader technology have brought electronic versions of academic texts to a level with printed ones the newest readers can display graphics of all kinds and make it easy to bookmark and annotate pages and passages annotations can be exported viewed online shared and archived in addition electronic readers offer keyword searching instant dictionary lookups and in some cases wireless internet access the experience of reading and note taking is becoming as easy in electronic form as it is in paper major publishers have largely uncoupled print and electronic sales of academic texts as well an encouraging number of colleges and universities are running pilot programs with electronic books.

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humanities the humanities e-book heb offered to institutions on a subscription basis by the american council of learned societies is a digital collection of 2,200 humanities texts students at subscribing institutions may browse and read the collection online or order printed copies on demand physics mit in conjunction with ball state university produced an electronic book to visually demonstrate the principles of electricity and magnetism http web.mit.edu/viz/em/flash e&m_master/e&m.swf sophie http sophiecommons.org sophie is an open source tool maintained by the university of southern california s school of cinematic arts for creating and reading rich media documents in a networked environment sophie authors can easily combine a variety of media text images video and audio to develop sophisticated multimedia works swapping textbooks for e-books http www.edtechmag.com/higher/marchapril-2009/swapping-textbooks-for-e-books.html lee copeland edtech march-april 2009 in a pilot program at northwest missouri state university 500 of the school s 6,500 students will receive electronic textbooks instead of or in some cases in addition to printed copies electronic books in practice the following links provide examples of the use of electronic books for educational purposes darden students test the amazon kindle dx http www.virginia.edu/uvatoday/newsrelease php?id=9509 the university of virginia s darden school of business is participating in an amazonsponsored program to test the kindle dx the pilot aims to assess the effect of electronic books on teaching and learning determine whether the school can reduce its carbon footprint by employing the devices and explore potential cost savings for students and the university deepdyve http www.deepdyve.com deepdyve is an extensive online collection of scientific technical and medical research articles are either open access or premium premium articles may be rented and read online for twenty-four hours at a cost of $0.99 sony reader project at the penn state university libraries http libraries.psu.edu/psul/lls/sony_reader.html students may check out a sony reader from the library complete with leisure reading titles including both fiction and non-fiction for further reading the following articles and resources are recommended for those who want to learn more about electronic books 7 things you need to know about sony readers in a higher ed environment http libraries.psu.edu/etc/medialib psulpublicmedialibrary/lls/documents.par.53256 file.dat/7things_sonyreader.pdf this white paper from the penn state university libraries describes relevant uses of sony s reader in the classroom in the library and as a tool for the visually disabled pros and cons of using e-books are discussed clive thompson on the future of reading in a digital world http www.wired.com/techbiz/people magazine/17-06/st_thompson clive thompson wired magazine 22 may 2009 thompson makes a case for digitizing books in addition to enhancing sales of the printed book e-books enable ongoing reader dialogs thehorizonreport ­ 2 0 1 0 19

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t wotothreeyears kindle for the academic http www.insidehighered.com/views/2009/11/03 golub alex golub inside higher ed 3 november 2009 the author discusses the pros and cons of electronic readers particularly the kindle from the point of view of a reader of academic works as opposed to textbooks or leisure reading students give e-readers the old college try http www.columbiatribune.com/news/2009 oct/20/students-give-ereaders-old-college-try columbia daily tribune 20 october 2009 students weigh in on the kindle included are benefits and drawbacks from a number of participants in this year s kindle pilot program delicious electronic books http delicious.com/tag/hz10+ebooks follow this link to find additional resources tagged for this topic and this edition of the horizon report to add to this list simply tag resources with hz10 and ebooks when you save them to delicious devices to take textbooks beyond text http www.nytimes.com/2009/12/06 business/06novel.html anne eisenberg the new york times 5 december 2009 new e-book readers in addition to displaying standard text offer liquidcrystal displays to better show graphics and other items found in color in textbooks e-book fans are proving to be enthusiastic readers http www.nytimes.com/2009/10/21 technology/21books.html brad stone the new york times 20 october 2009 fans of e-readers suggest that the convenience of using these products which offer a sense of control and customization that consumers have come to expect from all their media gadgets has created a greater interest in books how the e-book will change the way we read and write http online.wsj.com/article sb123980920727621353.html steven johnson the wall street journal 20 april 2009 while electronic readers satisfy our desire for instant gratification they may compromise the sanctity of an author a reader and a book the author predicts that electronic books will fundamentally change the way we interact with the printed word.

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s imple au gmentedreality time-to-adoption horizon two to three years while the capability to deliver augmented reality experiences has been around for decades it is only very recently that those experiences have become easy and portable advances in mobile devices as well as in the different technologies that combine the real world with virtual information have led to augmented reality applications that are as near to hand as any other application on a laptop or a smart phone new uses for augmented reality are being explored and new experiments undertaken now that it is easy to do so emerging augmented reality tools to date have been mainly designed for marketing social purposes amusement or location-based information but new ones continue to appear as the technology becomes more popular augmented reality has become simple and is now poised to enter the mainstream in the consumer sector overview the expression augmented reality ar is credited to former boeing researcher tom caudell who is believed to have coined the term in 1990 the concept of blending augmenting virtual data information rich media and even live action with what we see in the real world for the purpose of enhancing the information we can perceive with our senses is a powerful one augmented reality itself is older than the term the first applications of ar appeared in the late 1960s and 1970s by the 1990s augmented reality was being put to use by a number of major companies for visualization training and other purposes now the technologies that make augmented reality possible are powerful and compact enough to deliver ar experiences to personal computers and mobile devices early mobile applications began to appear in 2008 and several augmented reality mapping and social tools are now on the market wireless mobile devices are increasingly driving this technology into the mobile space where the applications offer a great deal of promise initially ar required unwieldy headsets and kept users largely tethered to their desktop computers the camera and screen embedded in smart phones and other mobile devices now serve as the means to combine real world data with virtual data using gps capability image recognition and a compass ar applications can pinpoint where the mobile s camera is pointing and overlay relevant information at appropriate points on the screen augmented reality applications can either be markerbased which means that the camera must perceive a specific visual cue in order for the software to call up the correct information or markerless markerless applications use positional data such as a mobile s gps and compass or image recognition where input to the camera is compared against a library of images to find a match markerless applications have wider applicability since they function anywhere without the need for special labeling or supplemental reference points currently many augmented reality efforts are focused on entertainment and marketing but these will spill into other areas as the technology matures and becomes even more simplified layar http layar.com has been a leader in this space with ar applications for android and iphones layar s mobile application features content layers that may include ratings reviews advertising or other such information to assist consumers on location in shopping or dining areas other mobile applications that make use of ar for social or commercial purposes include yelp another review and rating service wikitude which overlays information from wikipedia and other sources onto a view of the real world and a handful of twitter clients the mobile media company ogmento develops ar games for mobiles the improvement in technology allows more streamlined approaches and wider user adoption thehorizonreport ­ 2 0 1 0 21

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t wotothreeyears comparing prices in a shopping center for instance or identifying trees of particular relevance to education is augmented reality gaming games that are based in the real world and augmented with networked data can give educators powerful new ways to show relationships and connections games using marker technology often include a flat game board or map which becomes a 3d setting when viewed with a mobile device or a webcam this kind of game could easily be applied to a range of disciplines including archaeology history anthropology or geography to name a few another approach to ar gaming allows players or game masters to create virtual people and objects tying them to a specific location in the real world players interact with these constructs which appear when the player approaches a linked location in the real world augmented reality can also be used to model objects allowing learners to envision how a given item would look in different settings models can be generated rapidly manipulated and rotated students receive immediate visual feedback about their designs and ideas in a way that allows them to spot inconsistencies or problems that need to be addressed researchers in the human interface technology laboratory at the university of canterbury in new zealand have created a tool that translates sketches into 3d objects and uses augmented reality to allow students to explore the physical properties and interactions between objects simple controls drawn on slips of paper are used to alter the properties of the sketched objects see a demonstration video at http www.youtube.com watch?v=m4qz0glo5_a at mauricio de nassau college in brazil architecture students are exploring the possibilities of using augmented reality to project scale models of buildings cutting down on the time required to construct and present architectural proposals for another idea of how augmented reality could be applied to the study of architecture see the concept video realtà aumentata http vimeo.com/2341387 created as a thesis project by market projections for augmented reality on mobile devices predict revenues of $2 million in 2010 rising to several hundred million by 2014 350 million according to abi research juniper research s projections are even higher augmented reality is poised to enter the mainstream in the consumer sector and the social gaming and location-based applications that are emerging point to a strong potential for educational applications in the next few years relevance for teaching learning or creative inquiry augmented reality has strong potential to provide both powerful contextual in situ learning experiences and serendipitous exploration and discovery of the connected nature of information in the real world mechanics in the military and at companies like boeing already use ar goggles while they work on vehicles the goggles demonstrate each step in a repair identify the tools needed and include textual instructions as well this kind of augmented experience especially lends itself to training for specific tasks applications that convey information about a place open the door to discovery-based learning visitors to historic sites can access ar applications that overlay maps and information about how the location looked at different points of history an application currently in development by the eu-funded itacitus project http itacitus.org will allow visitors to pan across a location the coliseum say and see what it looked like during an historical event complete with cheering spectators and competing athletes people too will soon be explored through augmented reality the tat augmented id application still in development uses facial recognition technology to display certain pre-approved information about a person when he or she is viewed through the camera of a mobile device srengine is another augmented reality application also in development that will use object recognition to display information about everyday things one encounters in the real world

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a student at the valle giulia faculty of architecture in italy augmented books now just beginning to enter the market are another interesting application of this technology the german company metaio is developing books that include ar elements such as globes that pop up on the pages the books are printed normally after purchase consumers install special software on their computers and point a webcam at the book to see the visualizations the technology allows any existing book to be developed into an augmented reality edition after publication an atlas featuring 3d views of geographic locations is currently in development a sampling of applications of simple augmented reality across disciplines includes the following astronomy google s skymap is an augmented reality application that overlays information about the stars and constellations as a user views the sky through the camera on his or her mobile phone other astronomy applications such as puniverse key detailed and precisely oriented maps of the sky to a user s location and orientation architecture arsights is a website and tool that allows users to visualize 3d models created in google s sketchup pointing a webcam at a 2d printout causes a 3d model to appear on the screen it can be turned and manipulated by moving the sheet of paper see http www inglobetechnologies.com/en/products/arplugin su/info.php computer science the foureyes lab at the university of california santa barbara is creating a finger-sensing augmented reality program the software determines the finger positions of the user s hand spread out closefisted etc and moves an illustration on the screen accordingly causing a rabbit to crouch or jump for example student guides graz university of technology austria has developed campus and museum tours using augmented reality looking through the camera on a mobile phone while walking the campus students see tagged classrooms inside the buildings at the museum a virtual tour guide accompanies users through the halls simple augmented reality in practice the following links provide examples of simple augmented reality arhrrrr an augmented reality shooter http www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnu4clufocw &feature=player_embedded this video demonstrates an augmented reality game created at georgia tech augmented environments lab and the savannah college of art and design atlanta the dynamic interactive game uses a handheld mobile device and a table map and skittles aris mobile media learning games http arisgames.org aris is an alternate reality gaming engine created by the university of wisconsin s games learning and society research group virtual objects and characters can be placed at certain locations in the physical world players can interact with them using their mobile devices mirror worlds http www.augmentedenvironments.org lab/2009/10 students at georgia tech have created a tour of campus that switches between a view of an avatar in a virtual world and augmented reality superimposed on the real world users choose their view and can move back and forth between the two video tat s augmented reality concept unveiled http www.engadget.com/2009/07/09/video-tatsaugmented-reality-concept-unveiled joseph l flatley engadget 9 july 2009 swedish company the astonishing tribe tat thehorizonreport ­ 2 0 1 0 23

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